Table 3 Comparison of study outcomes between study groups before and after supplementation in each group

VCAM gene expression

Before

15.67 ± 0.53

15.74 ± 0.74

15.55 ± 0.89

14.58 ± 0.69

After

13.99 ± 0.95

14.09 ± 0.87

13.34 ± 0.90

14.02 ± 0.61

Change

− 1.68 ± 0.82

− 1.64 ± 0.85

− 2.21 ± 0.56

0.55 ± 0.61

P-value

0.05

0.06

0.001

0.37

Serum VCAM concentration (ng/dl)

Before

4.90 ± 1.15

4.18 ± 0.72

4.75 ± 1.06

4.94 ± 1.22

After

4.40 ± 1.11

3.88 ± 0.72

3.50 ± 0.74

4.84 ± 1.21

Change

− 0.50 ± 0.34

− 0.30 ± 0.21

− 1.24 ± 0.42

− 0.09 ± 0.18

P

0.02

0.06

0.004

0.19

Headache attacks (number per week)

Before

2.81 ± 0.31

2.77 ± 0.26

2.72 ± 0.40

2.76 ± 0.24

After

1.82 ± 0.27

1.67 ± 0.42

0.62 ± 0.08

2.22 ± 0.38

Change

− 0.98 ± 0.33

− 1.10 ± 0.33

− 2.09 ± 0.34

− 53 ± 0.32

P-value

0.009

0.004

 < 0.001

0.11

Headache severity (scoring from 0–10)

Before

7.52 ± 0.44

7.36 ± 0.46

7.47 ± 0.48

7.39 ± 0.46

After

5.86 ± 0.48

5.42 ± 0.52

5.02 ± 0.56

6.78 ± 0.43

Change

− 1.65 ± 0.44

− 1.94 ± 0.49

− 2.44 ± 0.41

− 0.60 ± 0.48

P-value

0.001

0.001

 < 0.001

0.22

Headache duration (hours)

Before

7.44 ± 1.80

7.68 ± 1.77

7.28 ± 1.77

7.34 ± 1.43

After

6.02 ± 1.36

5.26 ± 1.66

4.15 ± 1.47

6.68 ± 1.13

Change

− 1.42 ± 0.96

− 2.42 ± 0.67

− 3.12 ± 0.96

0.65 ± 1.03

P-value

0.15

0.002

0.005

0.53