Fig. 1

Lipopolysaccharide induces the production of various cytokines and chemokines in monocytes. PBMCs (n = 3) were stimulated with the indicated concentrations of LPS or in the absence of LPS (Control). The intracellular cytokines and chemokines were determined by flow cytometry. The gating strategies on CD14+ monocytes and CD3+ T lymphocytes are shown (a). The histogram plots from one of the three individuals on indicated cytokines (b) and chemokines (c) produced in CD14+ monocytes are indicated. The bar graphs indicated relative fluorescent intensity (MFI) of cytokines (d) or chemokines (e) are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *; p ≤ 0.05, **; p ≤ 0.01, ***; p ≤ 0.001, and ****; p ≤ 0.0001. NS not significant