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Table 1 Patient characteristics and results of culture/sequencing

From: Evaluation of multi-sample 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing for the diagnosis of postoperative bone and joint infections during antimicrobial treatment

Case no.

Infection

Antibiotic treatment

Days on antibiotic treatment when sampled

No. biopsies for sequencing/cultured

16S ribosomal DNA findingsa,b

Culture findingsa

16S rDNA sequencing yielded the full etiology of the infection opposed to culture

 7 = 9

PJI hip

Cloxacillin

11

4/6

Staphylococcus aureus + Bacillus spp.d

Culture negativec

 9 = 7

PJI hip

Cloxacillin

19

4/4

S. aureus + Bacillus spp.

S. aureuse

 21

PJI knee

Cloxacillin + Rifampicin

10

3/7

S. aureus

Culture negative

 22 = 19

FRI upper limb

Clindamycin + Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

12

4/4

Enterobacterales

Culture negative

 25

FRI pelvis

Linezolid

60

2/2

Enterobacterales

Culture negative

16S rDNA sequencing equal to conventional culture in deciding the causative agent of the infection

 1

FRI hip

Imipenem

7

2/2

Escherichia. coli

E. coli

 5

Postop arthritis

Cloxacillin

4

3/3

Not detectedf

Culture negative

 4

Postop arthritis

Cloxacillin

1

6/9

Not detectedg

Culture negativeg

 2

Postop arthritis

Cefotaxime

8

1/1

E. coli

E. coli

 6

FRI hip

Isoxazolyl-penicillin

7

− 2/2

Not detected

Culture negative

 12

FRI lower limb

Clindamycin

1

1/1

S. aureus

S. aureus

 13

PJI hip

Cefuroxime

3

7/7

S. aureus

S. aureus

 14

FRI lower limb

Cefotaxime

3

1/1

Not detected

Culture negative

 15

FRI hip

Cefotaxime + Clindamycin

2

5/5

S. aureus

S. aureus

 16

PJI hip

Cloxacillin + Rifampicin

18

3/3

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

P. aeruginosa

 17

Postop arthritis

Ciprofloxacin

9

1/6

Not detected

Culture negative

 19 = 22

FRI upper limb

Cloxacillin + Penicillin G

3

2/2

Bacillus cereus

B. cereus

 23

FRI lower limb

Cloxacillin + Clindamycin

1

2/3

Not detected

Culture negative

 28

FRI upper limb

Prophylaxis only—Clindamycin

0

3/3

S. aureus

S. aureus

 27

PJI hip

Ceftriaxone

3

6/6

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

S. dysgalactiae

Different results when comparing conventional culture and 16S rDNA sequencing

 18

FRI upper limb

Isoxazolylpenicillin

28

1/1

Not detected

S. aureus

 20 = 24

FRI lower limb

Isoxazolylpenicillin + Ciprofloxacin

13

1/5

Enterobacterales + Enterococcus spp. + Anaerococcus spp.

Citrobacter freundii + Enterococcus faecalis + Enterococcus faecium

 24 = 20

FRI lower limb

Imipenem

60

4/4

Enterococcus spp.h

E. faecium

 26

FRI pelvis

Imipenem + Linezolid

13

6/6

Not detected

CoNSi

 8

PJI hip

Cefuroxime

3

7/7

Proteus mirabilis

P. mirabilis + Corynebacterium spp.

 3

FRI spine

Cloxacillin

5

2/2

S. aureus

S. aureus + Cutibacterium acnes

 10

PJI knee

Clindamycin

5

 

Acinetobacter spp. + E. faecalis

Acinetobacter spp. + E. faecalis + CoNS

 11

FRI lower limb

Cloxacillin + Penicillin G

9

2/2

Not detected

CoNS

  1. PJI prosthetic joint infection; FRI fracture related infection; CoNS coagulase negative staphylococci; rDNA ribosomal DNA; S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus, B. cereus Bacillus cereus; S. dysgalactiae Streptococcus dysgalactiae; E. coli Escherichia coli; Spp. species; P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa; faecalis Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium
  2. aRelevant finding defined as presence in at least 50% of the samples in the case of multiple samples
  3. bEnvironmental bacteria excluded from the analysis
  4. cLater biopsies showed S. aureus in all biopsies and B. cereus in only one biopsy
  5. dB. cereus in 3/3 biopsies
  6. eB. cereus in 1/4 biopsies
  7. fS. aureus in 1/3 biopsies. A clinician would likely regard this finding as significant despite diagnostic criteria. Bacillus spp. in 1/3 biopsies
  8. gEnvironmental contaminants excluded through analysing several biopsies
  9. hListed as discrepant since sequencing failed to identify enterococcal species, a disadvantage concerning choice of antibiotic
  10. iMultiple strains of CoNS, suspected contamination
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BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

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