Table 1 Sample characteristics (N = 205)
Variable | N (%) | Median age at diagnosis in years (range) |
|---|---|---|
Overall | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) | |
Child | ||
Sex | ||
Male | 170 (83) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
Female | 35 (17) | 2.8 (1.25—6.00) |
Age | ||
3–5 years | 53 (26) | 2.3 (1.25—4.75) |
6–9 years | 109 (53) | 3.0 (1.25—5.50) |
10–13 years | 23 (11) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
14–18 years | 20 (10) | 3.3 (1.75—6.00) |
Autism red flags | ||
Language deficit | ||
Yes | 120 (59) | 2.9 (1.25—6.75) |
No | 3.0 (1.25—5.25) | |
Lack of eye contact | ||
Yes | 100 (49) | 2.8 (1.25—6.75) |
No | 3.0 (1.25—5.25) | |
Does not respond to name when called | ||
Yes | 115 (56) | 2.8 (1.25—6.00) |
No | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) | |
Does not smile | ||
Yes | 45 (22) | 3.0 (1.25—5.50) |
No | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) | |
Lack of looking back and forth to share interests | ||
Yes | 89 (43) | 2.7 (1.25—6.75) |
No | 3.0 (1.25—6.00) | |
Does not babble | ||
Yes | 25 (12) | 3.0 (1.25—5.50) |
No | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) | |
Odd play | ||
Yes | 70 (34) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
No | 2.8 (1.25—6.75) | |
Engaging in challenging behaviors | ||
Yes | 48 (23) | 3.0 (1.75—6.75) |
No | 2.8 (1.25—5.25) | |
Severity of symptoms | ||
13–26 | 21 (10) | 2.3 (1.25—4.00) |
27–39 | 133 (65) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
40–52 | 51 (25) | 3.0 (1.75—6.00) |
Comorbidity | ||
ADHD | 109 (54) | 3.0 (1.25—6.00) |
Intellectual disability | 16 (8) | 3.5 (2.00—6.75) |
Epilepsy | 3 (1) | 2.3 (2.00—3.50) |
Cerebral palsy | 3 (1) | 3.5 (3.00—4.50) |
None | 74 (36) | 2.5 (1.25—5.25) |
City of diagnosis | ||
Major cities | 146 (71) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
Other cities | 41 (20) | 2.8 (1.25—5.25) |
Outside Saudi Arabia | 18 (9) | 2.5 (1.50—5.00) |
City of diagnosis | ||
In city of residence | 127 (62) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
Outside city of residence | 78 (38) | 3.0 (1.25—6.00) |
Family | ||
Saudi citizen | ||
Yes | 184 (90) | 2.9 (1.25—6.75) |
No | 21 (10) | 3.0 (1.50—5.25) |
Maternal educational attainment | ||
Less than high school | 26 (13) | 3.0 (1.25—5.50) |
High school degree | 47 (23) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
Some college credits | 24 (12) | 3.0 (1.25—5.25) |
College degree | 94 (46) | 2.8 (1.25—6.00) |
Graduate degree or higher | 14 (7) | 2.5 (1.75—4.25) |
Maternal age | ||
≤ 24 years | 12 (6) | 2.6 (1.50–6.75) |
25–34 years | 100 (49) | 3.0 (1.25—5.00) |
35–44 years | 75 (37) | 2.8 (1.25—5.50) |
45–54 years | 18 (9) | 3.0 (1.75—5.50) |
Paternal educational attainment | ||
Less than high school | 24 (12) | 3.0 (1.25—5.00) |
High school degree | 50 (24) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
Some college credits | 34 (17) | 3.0 (1.25—5.50) |
College degree | 70 (34) | 3.0 (1.25—6.00) |
Graduate degree or higher | 27 (13) | 2.4 (1.75—5.25) |
Paternal age | ||
25–34 years | 47 (23) | 2.8 (1.25—5.00) |
35–44 years | 96 (47) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
45–54 years | 45 (22) | 2.8 (1.25—6.00) |
55–64 years | 9 (4) | 4.0 (2.00—5.50) |
≥ 65 years | 7 (3) | 3.3 (2.00—5.25) |
Annual household income | ||
Below sufficiency line | 81 (40) | 3.0 (1.25—5.00) |
From sufficiency line to 100% above | 81 (40) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
> 100% above | 43 (20) | 2.8 (1.25—6.00) |
Residence | ||
Major cities | 106 (52) | 3.0 (1.25—6.75) |
Other cities | 94 (46) | 3.0 (1.25—6.00) |
Outside Saudi Arabia | 5 (2) | 1.5 (1.25—2.75) |