Variable | B | SE B | β | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child | ||||
Sex (male) | − 0.08 | 0.18 | − 0.03 | − 0.44 to 0.30 |
Age (in years) | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.06 to 0.13 |
Citizenship (Saudi) | − 0.26 | 0.23 | − 0.08 | − 0.71 to 0.18 |
Autism red flags | ||||
Language deficit | − 0.04 | 0.14 | − 0.02 | − 0.31 to 0.24 |
Lack of eye contact | − 0.14 | 0.14 | − 0.07 | − 0.42 to 0.13 |
Does not respond to name when called | − 0.31 | 0.13 | − 0.15 | − 0.57 to − 0.29 |
Does not smile | − 0.11 | 0.16 | − 0.05 | − 0.44 to 0.23 |
Lack of looking back and forth to share interests | − 0.05 | 0.14 | − 0.03 | − 0.33 to 0.22 |
Does not babble | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.01 | − 0.39 to 0.45 |
Odd play | − 0.08 | 0.15 | − 0.04 | − 0.36 to 0.21 |
Engaging in challenging behaviors | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.15 to 0.78 |
Severity of symptoms (total score) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.01 to 0.05 |
Comorbidity | ||||
ADHD | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.06 | − 0.15 to 0.39 |
Intellectual disability | 0.92 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.42 to 1.44 |
Epilepsy | − 0.33 | 0.58 | − 0.04 | − 1.46 to 0.81 |
Cerebral palsy | 0.77 | 0.57 | 0.09 | − 0.36 to 1.90 |
None | − 0.38 | 0.15 | − 0.18 | − 0.67 to − 0.01 |
City of diagnosis | ||||
Major cities | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.10 | − 0.08 to 0.51 |
Other cities | − 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.06 | − 0.49 to 0.19 |
Outside Saudi Arabia | − 0.26 | 0.24 | − 0.08 | − 0.74 to 0.22 |
City of diagnosis (in) | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.04 | − 0.27 to 0.29 |
Cost of diagnosis | − 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.05 | − 0.71 to 0.48 |
Family | ||||
Maternal educational attainment | ||||
Less than high school | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.01 | − 0.37 to 0.45 |
High school degree | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.06 | − 0.18 to 0.47 |
Some college credits | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.07 | − 0.19 to 0.66 |
College degree | − 0.18 | 0.14 | − 0.09 | − 0.45 to 0.09 |
Graduate degree or higher | − 0.19 | 0.27 | − 0.05 | − 0.73 to 0.35 |
Maternal age | ||||
≤ 24 years | 0.23 | 0.3 | 0.05 | − 0.35 to 0.81 |
25–34 years | − 0.15 | 0.14 | − 0.08 | − 0.42 to 0.14 |
35–44 years | − 0.15 | 0.14 | − 0.73 | − 0.39 to 0.18 |
45–54 years | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.13 to 1.08 |
Paternal educational attainment | ||||
Less than high school | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.01 | − 0.43 to 0.42 |
High school degree | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.04 | − 0.22 to 0.43 |
Some college credits | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.01 | − 0.34 to 0.39 |
College degree | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.05 | − 0.19 to 0.39 |
Graduate degree or higher | − 0.4 | 0.21 | − 0.14 | − 0.81 to 0.01 |
Paternal age | ||||
25–34 years | − 0.19 | 0.16 | − 0.08 | − 0.51 to 0.14 |
35–44 years | − 12 | 0.14 | − 0.06 | − 0.39 to 0.16 |
45–54 years | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.02 | − 0.29 to 0.38 |
55—65 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.25 to 1.25 |
Annual household income | ||||
Below the SL | − 0.16 | 0.14 | − 0.08 | − 0.44 to 0.12 |
SL to 100% above | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.13 | − 0.2 to 0.54 |
> 100% above | − 0.15 | 0.017 | − 0.06 | − 0.48 to 0.19 |
Residence | ||||
Major cities | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.02 | − 0.24 to 0.31 |
Other cities | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.03 | − 0.20 to 0.34 |
Outside Saudi Arabia | − 1.03 | 0.44 | − 0.16 | − 1.91 to − 0.16 |