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Table 2 Unadjusted linear regression predicting age of diagnosis in years (N = 205)

From: Factors associated with age of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in Saudi Arabia: new insights from a cross-sectional study

Variable

B

SE B

β

95% CI

Child

 Sex (male)

− 0.08

0.18

− 0.03

− 0.44 to 0.30

 Age (in years)

0.09

0.02

0.33

0.06 to 0.13

 Citizenship (Saudi)

− 0.26

0.23

− 0.08

− 0.71 to 0.18

Autism red flags

 Language deficit

− 0.04

0.14

− 0.02

− 0.31 to 0.24

 Lack of eye contact

− 0.14

0.14

− 0.07

− 0.42 to 0.13

 Does not respond to name when called

− 0.31

0.13

− 0.15

− 0.57 to − 0.29

 Does not smile

− 0.11

0.16

− 0.05

− 0.44 to 0.23

 Lack of looking back and forth to share interests

− 0.05

0.14

− 0.03

− 0.33 to 0.22

 Does not babble

0.03

0.21

0.01

− 0.39 to 0.45

 Odd play

− 0.08

0.15

− 0.04

− 0.36 to 0.21

 Engaging in challenging behaviors

0.46

0.16

0.20

0.15 to 0.78

Severity of symptoms (total score)

0.03

0.01

0.18

0.01 to 0.05

Comorbidity

 ADHD

0.12

0.14

0.06

− 0.15 to 0.39

 Intellectual disability

0.92

0.26

0.25

0.42 to 1.44

 Epilepsy

− 0.33

0.58

− 0.04

− 1.46 to 0.81

 Cerebral palsy

0.77

0.57

0.09

− 0.36 to 1.90

 None

− 0.38

0.15

− 0.18

− 0.67 to − 0.01

City of diagnosis

 Major cities

0.22

0.15

0.10

− 0.08 to 0.51

 Other cities

− 0.15

0.17

0.06

− 0.49 to 0.19

 Outside Saudi Arabia

− 0.26

0.24

− 0.08

− 0.74 to 0.22

City of diagnosis (in)

0.01

0.14

0.04

− 0.27 to 0.29

Cost of diagnosis

− 0.1

0.14

0.05

− 0.71 to 0.48

Family

 Maternal educational attainment

  Less than high school

0.04

0.21

0.01

− 0.37 to 0.45

  High school degree

0.15

0.16

0.06

− 0.18 to 0.47

  Some college credits

0.24

0.22

0.07

− 0.19 to 0.66

  College degree

− 0.18

0.14

− 0.09

− 0.45 to 0.09

  Graduate degree or higher

− 0.19

0.27

− 0.05

− 0.73 to 0.35

Maternal age

 ≤ 24 years

0.23

0.3

0.05

− 0.35 to 0.81

 25–34 years

− 0.15

0.14

− 0.08

− 0.42 to 0.14

 35–44 years

− 0.15

0.14

− 0.73

− 0.39 to 0.18

 45–54 years

0.61

0.24

0.17

0.13 to 1.08

Paternal educational attainment

 Less than high school

0.01

0.22

0.01

− 0.43 to 0.42

 High school degree

0.09

0.16

0.04

− 0.22 to 0.43

 Some college credits

0.02

0.19

0.01

− 0.34 to 0.39

 College degree

0.09

0.14

0.05

− 0.19 to 0.39

 Graduate degree or higher

− 0.4

0.21

− 0.14

− 0.81 to 0.01

Paternal age

 25–34 years

− 0.19

0.16

− 0.08

− 0.51 to 0.14

 35–44 years

− 12

0.14

− 0.06

− 0.39 to 0.16

 45–54 years

0.05

0.17

0.02

− 0.29 to 0.38

 55—65

0.75

0.25

0.20

0.25 to 1.25

Annual household income

 Below the SL

− 0.16

0.14

− 0.08

− 0.44 to 0.12

 SL to 100% above

0.25

0.14

0.13

− 0.2 to 0.54

 > 100% above

− 0.15

0.017

− 0.06

− 0.48 to 0.19

Residence

 Major cities

0.03

0.14

0.02

− 0.24 to 0.31

 Other cities

0.07

0.14

0.03

− 0.20 to 0.34

 Outside Saudi Arabia

− 1.03

0.44

− 0.16

− 1.91 to − 0.16

  1. Statistically significant findings at P ≤ 0.05 are in bold
  2. B unstandardized beta coefficient, SE B standard error, β standardized beta coefficient, CI confidence interval