Skip to main content

Table 3 Main and interaction effects of the repeated measures ANOVA per outcome measure

From: Effect of arm movement on balance performance in children: role of expertise in gymnastics

Test/Outcome

Main effects

Interaction effects

Arm

Expertise

Arm × expertise

Arm × expertise × task difficulty

OLS

 OLS time; EC, FI [sec]

0.946 (0.01)

0.546 (0.01)

0.413 (0.02)

0.131 (0.05)

 OLS time; EO, FO [sec]

0.194 (0.05)

0.414 (0.02)

0.684 (0.01)

 OLS time; EC, FO [sec]

0.063 (0.10)

0.177 (0.05)

0.520 (0.01)

3-m beam walk

 6.0-cm beam walk [steps]

0.216 (0.05)

0.043 (0.12)b

0.159 (0.06)

0.028 (0.10)

 4.5-cm beam walk [steps]

0.001 (0.27)a

0.646 (0.01)

0.349 (0.03)

 3.0-cm beam walk [steps]

 < 0.001 (0.47)a

0.286 (0.03)

0.133 (0.07)

YBT-LQ

 YBT-LQ: AT reach [% LL]

0.025 (0.14)a

 < 0.001 (0.55)b

.349 (0.03)

 YBT-LQ: PM reach [% LL]

0.075 (0.09)

 < 0.001 (0.55)b

.271 (0.04)

 YBT-LQ: PL reach [% LL]

0.018 (0.15)a

 < 0.001 (0.47)b

.882 (0.01)

 YBT-LQ: CS [% LL]

0.007 (0.19)a

 < 0.001 (0.61)b

.982 (0.01)

  1. Values are p-values and effect sizes (ηp2) in brackets. .02 ≤ ηp2 ≤ .12 indicates small, .13 ≤ ηp2 ≤ .25 indicates medium, and ηp2 ≥ .26 indicates large effects
  2. AT Anterior; CS Composite score; EC Eyes closed; EO Eyes opened; FI Firm ground; FO Foam ground; LL Leg length; OLS One-Legged Stance test; PL Posterolateral; PM Posteromedial; YBT-LQ Lower Quarter Y Balance test
  3. aIndicates a significant (p < .05) performance difference between free compared to restricted arm movement condition.
  4. bIndicates a significant (p < .05) difference between gymnasts and untrained age-/sex-matched controls.