Table 1 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with the presence/absence of religious hallucinations

Sex

0.86 [0.38–1.97]

0.88 [0.32–2.44]

Males

36 (76.6%)

11 (23.4%)

Females

80 (79.2%)

21 (20.8%)

Education level

Primary

33 (76.7%)

10 (23.3%)

1

1

Complementary

28 (71.8%)

11 (28.2%)

1.30 [0.48–3.50]

1.46 [0.48–4.48]

Secondary

23 (82.1%)

5 (17.9%)

0.72 [0.22–2.38]

0.76 [0.19–3.08]

University

32 (84.2%)

6 (15.8%)

0.62 [0.20–1.90]

0.69 [0.20–2.37]

Religion

1.16 [0.51–2.67]

0.87 [0.34–2.22]

Christian

80 (79.2%)

21 (20.8%)

Muslim

36 (76.6%)

11 (23.4%)

Diagnosis

0.73 [0.23–2.32]

0.85 [0.25–2.94]

Schizophrenia

97 (77.6%)

28 (22.4%)

Schizo-affective

19 (82.6%)

4 (17.4%)

Personal prayers

0.99 [0.34–2.92]

2.25 [0.54–9.40]

No

18 (78.3%)

5 (21.7%)

Yes

98 (78.4%)

27 (21.6%)

Watching religious programs

0.53 [0.24–1.16]

0.34 [0.12–0.94]

No

40 (71.4%)

16 (28.6%)

Yes

76 (82.6%)

16 (17.4%)

Reading religious books

1.15 [0.53–2.51]

1.44 [0.57–3.64]

No

62 (79.5%)

16 (20.5%)

Yes

54 (77.1%)

16 (22.9%)

Prayers before and after meals

0.70 [0.30–1.65]

0.64 [0.22–1.90]

No

28 (73.7%)

10 (26.3%)

Yes

88 (80.0%)

22 (20.0%)

Age (years)

55.47 ± 12.98

50.75 ± 13.88

0.97 [0.95-1.00]

0.97 [0.94–1.01]

Duration of treatment (years)

16.48 ± 11.91

15.63 ± 10.20

0.99 [0.96–1.03]

0.97 [0.91–1.04]

Duration of hospitalization (years)

11.04 ± 11.64

11.35 ± 10.56

1.00 [0.97–1.04]

1.05 [0.98–1.12]

PANSS total score

61.87 ± 23.29

71.69 ± 26.28

1.02 [1.001–1.03]

1.02 [1.001–1.04]

Religious positive coping

20.57 ± 6.87

19.50 ± 6.84

0.98 [0.92–1.04]

0.96 [0.88–1.04]

Religious negative coping

11.22 ± 3.82

13.13 ± 5.33

1.10 [1.01–1.20]

1.11 [1.004–1.23]