COVID19 antibody detection using lateral flow assay tests in a cohort of convalescent plasma donors

COVID19 has caused a global and ongoing pandemic. The need for population seroconversion data is apparent to monitor and respond to the pandemic. Using a lateral flow assay (LFA) testing platform, the seropositivity in 63 New York Blood Center (NYBC) Convelescent Plasma (CP) donor samples were evaluated for the presence of COVID19 specific IgG and IgM. CP donors showed diverse antibody result. Convalescent donor plasma contains SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Weak antibody bands may identify low titer CP donors. LFA tests can identify antibody positive individuals that have recovered from COVID19. Confirming suspected cases using antibody detection could help inform the patient and the community as to the relative risk to future exposure and a better understanding of disease exposure.


Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused over 4012,000 infections and > 32,000 deaths in New York State alone [1]. Due to delay in testing and asymptomatic infections the true number of cases are unknown. Few reports have characterized the prevalence of seroconversion in community populations [2,3]. Seroconversion, the process in which a patient accumulates antigen-specific antibodies against an epitope, is the first step towards the development of adaptive immunity against pathogens. Although it is not an assurance of protection against future infections, positive seroconversion is an informative measure of previous viral infectivity within the population. To assess the seroconversion of a community, antibody testing with high sensitivity and specificity that is also easily available is necessary.
However, a crucial step in understanding the test characteristics is to ensure the assay detects antibodies in individuals with a previous documented disease. One study suggests that 75% of patients with a confirmed PCR test had a positive antibody IgG and 20% were weakly positive [4]. Another study showed 100% seroconversion in COVID19 patients and three patterns of IgM and IgG responses: synchronous seroconversion of IgG and IgM, IgM seroconversion earlier than that of IgG, and IgM seroconversion later than that of IgG [3]. In addition, assay characteristics such as antigen target (nucleocapsid and/or spike glycoprotein), total (IgG and IgM) versus IgG only, and their sensitivity and specificity are important in defining seroconversion rates [5]. Thus, more studies with various antibody tests are needed to understand seroconversion of an infected population.
In response to this need for antibody testing, a lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed to provide rapid point of care diagnostic testing of COVID19 antibodies. The LFA test is able to detect specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and differentiate between IgG and IgM immunoglobin classes in a rapid, point of care test using either whole blood, plasma or serum [6]. The test principle is based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. The cassette has both a dye pad which contains colloidal gold coupled with Recombinant 2019novel coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and a dye pad which contains colloidal gold coupled with Recombinant 2019-novel coronavirus Spike Protein (Si Subunit). Thus, LFAs are potentially useful assays that require low sample input and minimum processivity. In this study, we report the sensitivity and specificity of Clungene ® SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassettes in determining the presence of binding antibodies in convalescent plasma (CP) donor samples with previously documented COVID19.

Methods
Convalescent donor plasma was collected by the New York Blood Center (NYBC) with written consent from patients in accordance with NYBC Institutional Review Board protocols. All donors had self-reported documented COVID19 disease by positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test (manufacturer and documentation not provided from referring institution of CP donors), had complete resolution of symptoms at least 14 days prior to donation, and otherwise met all criteria for donating blood consistent with FDA's policy on the Collection of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma [1]. As a negative control, fresh frozen plasma was used that was collected prior to the beginning of the epidemic. Clungene ® SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassettes were used to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM. The manufacturer of the Cassette (Hangzhou Clongene Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) validated this immunoassay for the qualitative detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and these data were submitted to FDA as part of their Emergency Use Authorization [7].
To perform assays, 20 mL of human plasma was applied to the sample pad followed by two drops of proprietary running buffer. Tests were analyzed after 15 min. Following incubation, high resolution images were taken of detection zone and saved as JPEG for reference and analysis. Positive and negative IgG/IgM band determinations were made by visual inspection with accordance to manufacturer instructions (Fig. 1a, b). All tests were performed under a NYBC IRB approved protocol using four independently trained operators.

Results
Convalescent donor plasma contains SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Using CP donors as a prospectively positive population, we tested 63 NYBC CP donor samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and IgM. CP donors showed diverse antibody result profiles with the LFA test, including strong and weak bands as compared to FFP negative control (Fig. 1c, Table 1). All samples yielded an interpretable result with no invalid results. Overall, 88.9% (56/63) of CP donors were considered positive. 87.3% (55/63) of CP donors were positive for IgG and 50.8% (32/63) of CP donors were positive for IgM (Fig. 2a, b).
With regard to negative samples, 11.1% (7/63) of CP donors were IgG Neg and IgM Neg , 1.6% (1/63) were IgG Neg and IgM Pos and 38.1% (24/63) were IgG Pos and IgM Neg (Fig. 2c). In contrast, all FFP samples were IgG Neg and 80% (8/10) were IgM Neg . These data suggest that LFA tests possess a high degree of sensitivity (87.3% IgG, 50.8% IgM) and specificity (100.0% IgG, 80.0% IgM) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Given all CP donors were collected more than 14 days since date of last symptom, when the IgM tests would have performed, it is not surprising that the IgM results were low since IgM immunoglobins likely develop early in response to infection [8].
Weak antibody bands may identify low titer CP donors. Recent studies suggest that a significant percentage of convalescent individuals may have low SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM titers [4,9]. We also inferred from conducting LFA assays that potential differences in antibody levels may occur in the CP donor population. However, LFA tests are designed to perform qualitative, and not quantitative, analysis as stated in the manufacturer's instructions. Nevertheless, to document this phenomenon, trained experimenters subjectively delineated positive results as 'strong' or 'weak' relative to the band intensity produced by each CP donor sample (Fig. 1c).
To confirm reproducibility, we re-tested random samples (n = 16) to explore whether CP donor samples could provide reproducible results (Fig. 2d, Table 1). Between replicates of paired results, 56.25% (9/16) of samples were consistently positive, 6.25% (1/16) was consistently negative, and 37.5% (6/16) were inconsistent. With regard to inconsistency, these bands were almost always visually weak (4/6). These data suggest that certain CP donors may have low levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and may account for inconsistency between results, while data available from the manufacturer did report any difference related to batches (n = 3), operators (n = 2), runs (n = 2) or time (15 days).

Discussion
Our study analyzed blood samples from COVID19 convalescent plasma donors to determine whether antibodies are detected using a LFA in this population. We found that the CLUNGENE ® SARS-COV-2 VIRUS (COVID-19) IgG/IgM LFA test possesses high sensitivity and specificity for COVID19 antibodies. The LFA test was easy to use with properly trained staff. Results were interpretable within 15 min and the internal procedural control confirmed that sufficient specimen volume, adequate membrane wicking and correct procedural technique were used. Since documented positive PCR tests or comparison to other antibody testing platforms were unavailable, we cannot state that the 7 negative donors in fact were infected or if they have antibody. Even if CP donor infection data were available, it may also be possible, and is probable, that some CP donors produced low amounts of antibodies that is specific to the immunological response unique to each individual, thus, below the detection limit of the LFA. The IgG results are consistent with the manufacturer's 97.4% clinical performance data which showed positive IgG agreement with known positive RT-PCR test. The IgM results are consistent with recently published data which shows that IgM can persist more than 23 days after symptom onset and can be earlier, synchronous or later than IgG.

Conclusions
Most (90%) COVID19 convalescent donors seroconverted, demonstrating the potential of LFA tests to identify antibody positive individuals that have recovered from COVID19. Confirming suspected SARS-CoV-2 cases using antibody detection at the point of care could help inform the patient and the community as to the relative risk to future SARS-CoV2-exposure and a better understanding of disease exposure. However, a coherent description of the immunological response and antiviral antibody activity (i.e. neutralizing activity) is warranted to definitively use antibody presence to prognose future disease potential [10]. This study highlights the relevance of serological testing to support accurate estimates of the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential to assess a patient response to SARS-CoV-2 infection using antibody detection.