Knowledge and attitudes regarding amblyopia among parents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Objectives To assess parents’ perceptions about amblyopia and its causes, symptoms, risk factors, treatments, and the importance of follow-up and to evaluate their awareness regarding the consequences and critical complications. Results Parents or their companions (n = 401) were surveyed, and 52.9% were mothers, 81.8% of mothers and 85.7% of fathers were highly educated (diploma, college or university degree), and 58 (14.5%) had a child who was afflicted with amblyopia. The knowledge subscale (nine items) showed acceptable reliability. Twenty percent of the participants declared having adequate knowledge about amblyopia, but assessment by item showed low percentages of an adequate knowledge level, ranging from 0% for amblyopia causes, 35.9% for definition, and 59.9% for whether amblyopia is a hereditary disease. Thus, the rate of adequate knowledge (Knowledge Score ≥ 8) was 25.9%, and was associated with parents’ nationality (p < 0.05) and self-declared knowledge about amblyopia (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed among respondents who had a child with amblyopia. There was a lack of knowledge about basic information and different aspects of the disease, which emphasized the relevance of school-based screening programs and adequate use of trustworthy internet resources using easily understood medical information.


Introduction
Amblyopia is de ned as a reduction of the best-corrected visual acuity that is caused by abnormal visual development due to impaired visual stimulation [1]. It can be monocular or binocular, without the existence of speci c physical or pathological defects [2]. The susceptible age group is between birth and seven years of age.
Amblyopia is a main cause of visual defects in children. Several studies have shown that amblyopia is the most signi cant cause of unilateral visual impairment [3,4]. Recent estimates have indicated that the pooled prevalence of amblyopia worldwide was 1.75% [5]. In Saudi Arabia, different estimates were reported (0.5% among pre-school children in Riyadh, 1.3% among pre-school children in Jeddah, 1.4% in primary school children in Al Hassa, 1.85% among primary school children in Abha, and 3.9% among primary school children in ALQassim) [6][7][8][9][10].
Amblyopia is usually underreported despite the availability of easy diagnostic methods [11]. The inability to diagnose this condition leads to multiple detrimental consequences on contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, and binocular vision. This might interfere with educational attainment and skills, impair social development, and affect future career opportunities [12].
Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to obtain favorable outcomes in patients with amblyopia.
However, parental awareness is an essential component of the diagnostic approach because children are the most vulnerable age group for amblyopia. Adequate knowledge about the disease will help to establish timely consultations and obtain positive outcomes. Lack of knowledge about eye care in the developing countries has led to signi cant delay between symptom manifestation and clinical presentation [13]. This might be associated with poor compliance to therapy [13,14]. Even in developed countries, parental knowledge seems to be mediocre [15,16].
Most of the relevant studies used interviews to collect qualitative data about parental knowledge or relied on a subjective assessment of their familiarity with amblyopia [14][15][16][17]. Alternatively, parental knowledge could be assessed via a validated questionnaire to answer more objective knowledge-based questions.
Although the questionnaires showed high relevance and readability, none of them were evaluated for test-retest reliability [18]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no available validated questionnaire for this purpose, and little is known about the degree of parental knowledge about ocular diseases in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to assess parents' perceptions about amblyopia, its causes, symptoms, risk factors, treatment options, and the importance of follow-up, and to evaluate their awareness regarding the consequences and critical complications using a speci cally predesigned questionnaire.

Methods
Ethical approval for this cross-sectional study was obtained from the Biomedical Ethics Research Committee at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted among parents attending the amblyopia awareness campaign, which took place in the Red Sea Mall, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from 29 to 30 January 2016. The campaign was performed by a group of specialized ophthalmologists and supporting medical students. The campaign's aim was to raise the awareness about amblyopia among parents and companions to prompt voluntary screening and improve early detection.
All adults accompanied by a child aged 1-16 years of age were approached and invited to participate in the study before any awareness campaign material was provided. The study goals and procedures were explained and individuals who consented were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire with the assistance of a trained nurse or medical student.
The study used a semi-structured questionnaire, which was divided into four parts: 1) sociodemographic data of the companion and child's parents; 2) knowledge-related questions consisting of one selfassessed knowledge question "do you know anything about amblyopia", six multiple-choice questions assessing different domains of knowledge about amblyopia including de nition, causes, symptoms, risk factors, complications, and management options, and three simple-choice (yes/no) questions including whether the child's age impact treatment outcome, whether amblyopia requires a lifelong treatment, and whether it is a hereditary disease; 3) attitudes about amblyopia including three key questions: "in your opinion, when is it necessary to take your child for an ophthalmology visit?", "do you think amblyopia can be cured if the child complies with the treatment", and "in your opinion, do parents have an essential role in the treatment of amblyopia?" The following three answer options each were given: "yes", "no", or "I do not know"; and 4) whether the respondent has a child with amblyopia.
The questionnaire was developed by the authors in collaboration with two consultant ophthalmologists and underwent face and content validity. Data con dentiality was ensured, and the data were accessed only by the researchers.

Scoring system
To analyze the knowledge levels about amblyopia, a score was calculated based on respondent's answers to the nine knowledge-related items as follows: a) for multiple-choice questions, the answer was scored 0 if no correct option was given (inadequate knowledge), 1 if at least one correct option was given besides other incorrect option(s) (partial knowledge), and 2 if all correct options were given without any incorrect option (adequate); and b) for simple-choice questions (yes or no), incorrect answers or if respondent replied: "I do not know" were given a score of 0, while correct answers were scored as 1. Thus, a total knowledge score (0-15) was calculated.

Statistical methods
Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). An adequate knowledge level was assumed for any respondent who adequately replied to at least half of the questions, i.e. knowledge score ≥ 8 out of 15. Analysis of reliability of the knowledge subscale (9 items) using the scoring system levels showed a Cronbach's alpha = 0.748, indicating acceptable reliability. Analysis included a chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. A p value < 0.05 was considered to reject the null hypothesis.

Attitudes regarding amblyopia
To the question "in your opinion, when is it necessary to take your child for an ophthalmology visit?", 49.1% replied "when there is an abnormal sign", 30.2% replied "periodic routine check-ups", and 27.2% replied "when the child complains". To the question "do you think amblyopia can be cured if the child complies with the treatment", 55.6% replied "yes", while 38.7% replied that they did not know. To the question "in your opinion, do parents have an essential role in the treatment of amblyopia?", 66.6% agreed, while 27.9% replied that they did not know.
Assessment of knowledge about amblyopia

Discussion
Parental awareness represents an essential component of the successful diagnostic and managemental approaches for children with amblyopia. In this study, the knowledge and awareness levels among parents and companions were assessed and showed a low level knowledge, with only 25.9% of the participants having adequate knowledge based on our amblyopia knowledge scoring system, and 20% self-declaring adequate knowledge. The amblyopia de nition was accurately perceived in only 36%. A recent study was performed to assess awareness about amblyopia among parents in Saudi Arabia [19]. Consistent with our data, they found that 30% of the participants were knowledgeable about the disease [19].
To the best of our knowledge, only one study has been conducted to assess amblyopia knowledge among the companions of children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia [20]. Alzahrani et al. found that 49.7% of the participants were knowledgeable about the disease and its etiology, which is higher than our and Alsaqr et al.'s studies [19,20]. This could be explained by the fact that their study sample included attendees of pediatrics and ophthalmology clinics at a tertiary hospital where there is more likely to be parents who are knowledgeable about the disease.
The level of awareness and knowledge regarding amblyopia in our study and other studies in Saudi Arabia are insu cient, but still they are markedly higher than some other countries such as India (3%) and Nigeria (2.9%) [19,20].
In developed countries (Europe and North America), parental knowledge of eye diseases, including strabismus and amblyopia, as well as occlusion therapy was shown to be moderate [15,16,18].
In the current study, the main sources of knowledge were physicians and the internet, which is consistent with the study by Alsaqr el al. [19]. However, physicians are advised to provide information without the use of medical jargon [17,21]. Additionally, it is important to deliver written information rather than verbal information because patients may forget or misinterpret up to 40% of the important instructions given by a physician [21].
Another important aspect of the physician-companion interaction is the language. This is highly concerning in Saudi Arabia because there are a large number of expatriate health workers. In this context, a recent systematic review showed that language differences represented a considerable barrier to provision of quality healthcare [22]. The effect of language difference was apparent in our study because Saudi parents were adequately knowledgeable about amblyopia compared to non-Saudi counterparts. Targeted awareness programs should consider providing information in a multilingual form to ensure a comprehensive delivery.
The internet contributed to consistently improving the participants' knowledge in our study and recent studies about amblyopia [19,20] and one of its main causes, strabismus [23]. Most parents/guardians (97.9%) used the internet to search for distinct information about their child's health in a recent crosssectional study in Canada [24]. Such information could be frequently obtained via public search engines which may lead to misinformation which would ultimately affect their attitudes. Therefore, maintaining reliable sources, such as governmental, hospital-based, and academic websites is important to provide correct information.

Conclusion
Amblyopia is an easily treatable condition in children if the parents are aware and knowledgeable about the signi cance of early diagnosis and management. However, we showed that there was a lack of knowledge regarding different aspects of the disease, including basic information, causes, risk factors, and treatment. The role of physicians and the internet was remarkable as sources of information in knowledgeable parents/companions. Amblyopia diagnosis and management in the pediatric population could be optimized via emphasizing the relevance of school-based screening programs, adequate enrichment of trustworthy internet resources with easily perceived medical information, and resolving language barriers with non-Arab speakers.
As with other questionnaire-based studies, the participants might misinterpret some questions.
We were unable to obtain participant-derived recommendations for future implications.
The role of physicians could not be interpreted because no data were available about the proportion of participants who attended ophthalmology clinics.

Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Research Committee at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication
Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data are not available for public access because of privacy concerns, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding
This research received no speci c grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-forpro t sectors.
Authors' contributions Dr. Ahmed Basheikh conceived the original idea, involved in planning the study and writing the manuscript, and supervised the work. All authors contributed to the design and implementation of the research. They also contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the results. Furthermore, they all discussed the results and commented to the nal manuscript.