Table 1 Evidence-based literature review for fungal vertebral osteomyelitis
From: Candida albicans lumbar spondylodiscitis in an intravenous drug user: a case report
Year of publication/country/number of patients/age (y)/sex | Clinical symptoms | Risk factors | Micro-organisms | Site of infection | Treatment/duration of therapy | Clinical outcome/neurological outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980/Pennsylvania, USA/1/67/F | Backache | Acute myelomonocytic leukemia | Candida albicans | Lumbar spine | AmB AmB + 5-FC/NM | Died | Shaikh BS, et al. 1980 |
1985/Kentucky, USA/1/38/M | Leg weakness and paraesthesias | Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung | Aspergillus fumigatus | Thoracic spine | AmB + 5-FC/6 wk | Died | Barnwell PA, et al. 1985 |
1982/NM/2/45–61/M | Backache | Previous lumbar laminectomies (2) | Aspergillus fumigatus (2) | Lumbar spine (2) | Combination of surgical debridement (2) and antifungal therapy (2) (AmB)/NM | Survived/no ND | Tack KJ, et al. 1982 |
1983/Oregon, USA/3/57–44/M | Backache | Previous L4–5 laminectomy and discectomy | Candida albicans (3) | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement (3) and antifungal therapy (3) (AmB + FLU)/total 12 mo | Survived/no ND | Mawk JR, et al. 1983 |
1987/Washington, USA/1/44/M | Backache | Back trauma and previous spinal surgery | Candida parapsilosis | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB)/NM | Survived/no ND | Friedman BC, et al. 1987 |
1987/Texas, USA/1/64/M | Backache | Back trauma and previous spinal surgery | Candida parapsilosis | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB)/NM | Survived/no ND | Gathe GC, et al. 1987 |
1991/Netherlands/1/46/M | Backache | Previous disc surgery at L4–5 for a herniated nucleus pulposus | Candida albicans | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (ITR)/NM | Survived/no ND, but experienced a relapse 4 wk later | Peters-Christodoulou MN, et al. 1991 |
1994/Italy/1/14/F | Backache | ALL | Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + ITR)/2 mo | Survived/no ND | D'Antonio D, et al. 1994 |
1994/Missouri, USA/1/36/F | Backache | Previous cavitary lung infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis | Blastomyces dermatitidis | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB to ITR)/40 days to 6 mo | Survived/no ND | Lagging LM, et al. 1994 |
1997/Australia/1/NM/NM | NM | Acute myeloid leukemia | Pseudallescheria boydii | NM | Surgical debridement and antifungal therapy | NM | Gatto J, et al. 1997 |
1998/Germany/1/31/M | Backache | None | Candida tropicalis | Lumbar spine | AmB/NM | Survived/no ND | Andermahr J, et al. 1998 |
1999/Spain/1/38/M | Backache (5 mo) | ALL | Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + FLU)/1 to 5 mo | Survived/no ND | Ortiz AM, et al. 1998 |
1999/Pennsylvania, USA/3/49–54/NM | Upper back pain (1), backache (2) | Recipient of organ transplants | Candida albicans (2) Aspergillus species (1) | Lumbar spine (2), thoracic spine (1) | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB, FLU)/6 wk, 6 mo | Survived/no ND | Williams RL, et al. 1999 |
2001/Taiwan/1/51/M | Neck pain and numbness | Previous urological surgery | Candida species | Cervical spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB, NM)/40 days, 3 mo | Survived/no ND | Wang and Lee 2001 |
2001/New York, USA/19–64/2 M, 1 F | Backache | After artificial nail use (3) | Candida albicans (3) | Lumbar spine (3) | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB, FLU)/4–6 wk, 11–12 mo | Survived/1 ND with residual numbness of the right lower extremity | Parry MF, et al. 2001 |
2001/Miami, USA/11/78–28/8 M, 3 F | Omit | DM (2), corticosteroid use (4), chemotherapy for a tumor (1), malnutrition (2) | Pseudallescheria boydii (1), Aspergillus fumigatus (2), Candida parapsilosis (2), Candida tropicalis (2), Coccidioides immitis (1), Candida albicans (3) | Thoracic spine (2), lumbar spine (9) | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB base regimen + azole)/6 mo | Died (2/11), survived (9/11)/ND (1/9) | Frazier DD, et al. 2001 |
2002/Ohio, USA/1/NM/NM | Upper back pain ( 4 mo) | None | Scedosporium apiospermum | T11–L2 | Surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (ITR)/NM | Died | Levine NB, et al. 2002 |
2002/Lebanon/1/65/M | Backache | DM | Candida albicans | Thoracic spine, with cord compression | Surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (FLU)/NM | Survived/no ND | El-Zaatari MM, et al. 2002 |
2003/Switzerland/3/NM/NM | Backache | NM | Candida albicans (2), Candida tropicalis (1) | Lumbar spine (3), 2 with a spinal epidural abscess | Surgical debridement (3) and antifungal therapy (AmB + FLU, AmB alone, AmB + FLU + ITR) | Survived/no ND | Garbino J, et al. 2003 |
2003/Spain/3/72–81/3 M | Backache | DM (2), immunosuppression (2), use of central venous catheters (3), antibiotic use (2), use of parenteral nutrition (2) | Candida albicans (1), Candida glabrata (1), Candida parapsilosis (1) | Lumbar spine | Surgical debridement (3) and antifungal therapy; FLU (2)/NM, AmB + 5-FC (1)/NM | 2 cured, 1 relapse | Rodriguez D, et al. 2003 |
2004/Taiwan/1/6/F | Jaw pain | ALL | Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (ITR)/5 mo | Survived/no ND | Cheung MY, et al. 1999 |
2004/Italy/1/50/F | Backache | L4–5 previous microdiscectomy | Aspergillus fumigatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (ITR)/3 mo | Survived/no ND | Lenzi J, et al. 2004 |
2004/Austria/1/62/M | Backache | Recipient of cadaveric kidney transplantation | Nattrassia mangiferae | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + VOR)/NM | Died | Willinger B, et al. 2004 |
2004/Spain/1/37/M | Backache | ALL | Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (ITR)/220 days | Survived/no ND | Martino R, et al. 2004 |
2006/Taiwan/1/57/M | Backache | Previous disc puncture and previous radio-frequency nucleoplasty | Rhizopus rhizopodiformis | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB to FLU)/ 8 wk to 3 wk | Survived/no ND; relapse 3 mo later | Chen F, et al. 2006 |
2006/United Kingdom/3/31–70/2 F, 1 M | Backache | Nil | Candida species | Cervical spine (1), thoracic spine (1), lumbar spine (1) | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + FLU)/14 days + 3 mo (1), 14 days + 10 wk (1), 12 wk (1) | Survived/no ND | Khazim RM, et al. 2006 |
2008/Turkey/1/63/M | Backache | Colon adenocarcinoma | Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB to ITR)/40 days to 4 mo | Survived/no ND | Celik AD, et al. 2009 |
2008/Korea/1/42/F | Backache | Previous laminectomy and discectomy | Trichosporon asahii | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (FLU)/5 mo | Survived/no ND | Kim KW, et al. 2008 |
2008/Japan/1/14/M | Backache | Acute myeloid leukemia | Blastoschizomyces capitatus | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + VOR)/6 mo | Survived/no ND | Yoshihara T, et al. 2004 |
2008/New York, USA/1/43/M | Backache | Near-drowning | Scedosporium apiospermum | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + VOR, VOR)/40 days to 12 mo | Survived/no ND | Mesfin FB, et al. 2008 |
2009/Spain/1/62/F | Backache | None | Scedosporium prolificans | Lumbar spine | A combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy (AmB + VOR)/6 wk, 11 mo | Survived/no ND | Garcia-Vidal C, et al. 2009 |
2010/Italy/6/53–74/4 M, 2 F | Omit | Leukemia (1), immunosuppression (1) kidney cancer (1), vesical tumor (1), use of central venous catheters (2) | Candida albicans (3), Candida glabrata (1), Candida tropicalis (2) | Lumbar spine (5), cervical spine (1) | Surgical debridement (1/6), antifungal therapy (6/6) (AmB alone/12 wk then AmB + FLU/12 wk (1); FLU alone/9–36 wk (3); VOR alone/28–33 wk (2) | Survived (6/6)/1 ND (1/6) | D'Agostino C, et al. 2010 |
2013/Taiwan/1/41/M | Backache (2 mo) | None | Candida albicans (1) | Lumbar spine | FLU/6 mo | Survived/no ND | This case |