Table 1 Kampala catatonia panel consisting of ten screening items for catatonia

1

Excitement

Extreme hyperactivity, constant motor unrest which is apparently non-purposeful, includes aggressive episodes

2

Immobility-stupor

Extreme hypoactivity, remains in the same position for hours, immobility. Minimally responsive to stimuli

3

Mutism

Verbally unresponsive or minimally responsive

4

Staring

Fixed gaze, little or no visual scanning of environment, decreased blinking

5

Grimacing

Facials spasms, facial tics, or maintenance of odd facial expressions

6

Echopraxia or echolalia

Mimicking of examiner’s movements/speech

7

Rigidity

Maintenance of a rigid position despite efforts to be moved

8

Negativism

Apparently motiveless resistance to instructions or to attempts to move/examine the patient. Contrary behavior, does the opposite of the instruction

9

Active or passive refusal to eat or drink

Minimal or reduced food and fluid intake during the past week

10

Impulsivity

Patient suddenly engages in inappropriate behavior (e.g., runs down the hallway, starts screaming, or takes off clothes) without provocation. Afterwards, cannot explain