An assessment of the effect of user fee policy reform on facility-based deliveries in rural Zambia

Chama-Chiliba, Chitalu Miriam; Koch, Steven Fredric

doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2316-8

BMC Research Notes

Table 5 Complete multilevel estimates of the effect of user fee abolition on location of childbirth.

From: An assessment of the effect of user fee policy reform on facility-based deliveries in rural Zambia

	Model 1						Model 2
	Home		Private		Public		Home		Private		Public
	Estimate	S.E	Estimate	S.E	Estimate	S.E	Estimate	S.E	Estimate	S.E	Estimate	S.E
Individual level variables
Delivery post abolition of user fees	−0.091	0.222	−0.537	0.540	0.216	0.206	−0.090	0.224	−0.674	0.556	0.226	0.208
Lives in one of the district with policy change	−0.053	0.198	0.872	0.701	0.000	0.204	−0.131	0.214	0.830	0.821	0.203	0.220
DID estimator	0.117	0.261	1.534**	0.660	−0.321	0.245	0.125	0.263	1.568**	0.671	−0.337	0.247
Parity (ref = 1)
2–4	0.701***	0.202	−0.111	0.473	−0.552***	0.190	0.744***	0.202	−0.159	0.470	−0.581***	0.190
5+	0.860***	0.212	0.438	0.519	−0.783***	0.202	0.915***	0.213	0.395	0.516	−0.811***	0.202
ANC utilisation
Four or more visits	−0.313**	0.123	0.221	0.338	0.243**	0.120	−0.329***	0.124	0.194	0.338	0.262**	0.120
Religion (ref = Catholic)
Protestant	0.020	0.162	0.000	0.441	−0.071	0.158	0.006	0.161	−0.077	0.438	−0.056	0.157
Other	0.708	0.794	2.961*	1.554	−0.770	0.729	0.675	0.787	3.098**	1.534	−0.831	0.726
Household childcare burden
Number of children under five in HH	0.067	0.070	0.094	0.195	−0.069	0.068	0.059	0.071	0.091	0.195	−0.063	0.069
Woman’s employment status (ref = unemployed)
Employed	−0.327***	0.126	0.782**	0.344	0.179	0.121	−0.328***	0.126	0.710**	0.343	0.190	0.121
Woman’s education (ref = no education)
Primary	−0.494***	0.177	−0.038	0.604	0.522***	0.178	−0.492***	0.177	0.039	0.601	0.533***	0.178
Secondary and above	−0.744***	0.234	0.308	0.719	0.594***	0.229	−0.734***	0.234	0.348	0.718	0.601***	0.229
Partner’s education (ref = no education)
Primary	0.103	0.219	−0.867	0.646	−0.010	0.218	0.142	0.218	−0.926	0.635	−0.041	0.217
Secondary and above	0.021	0.240	−1.241*	0.689	0.060	0.238	0.087	0.240	−1.229*	0.677	0.016	0.238
Index for actual quality of ANC received	0.397***	0.060	−0.340*	0.205	−0.325***	0.059	0.367***	0.060	−0.375*	0.204	−0.299***	0.058
Household wealth (ref = poorest)
Middle	−0.325**	0.137	−0.268	0.462	0.347**	0.140	−0.206	0.143	−0.239	0.474	0.260*	0.144
Rich	−2.615***	0.300	0.970	0.798	1.917***	0.270	−1.887***	0.377	1.399	0.996	1.146***	0.336
Duration of residence (ref = previous res, rural)
0–4 (previous residence, urban)	−0.207	0.246	0.566	0.660	−0.026	0.225	−0.210	0.248	0.620	0.658	−0.059	0.225
5+	0.413***	0.144	1.087**	0.552	−0.501***	0.143	0.403***	0.144	1.132**	0.553	−0.505***	0.143
Community level variables
Area type (ref = rural)
Urban							−1.004***	0.242	−0.660	0.852	1.032***	0.247
Material deprivation index							−0.034	0.652	3.382	2.464	−0.530	0.687
Distance to nearest facility							0.208**	0.095	0.040	0.297	−0.175*	0.096
Density of health facilities							−0.024*	0.013	0.035	0.050	0.023	0.014
Prenatal care uptake							−0.189	0.266	2.531***	0.884	−0.197	0.270
TBA per 1000 of pop.							0.000	0.001	−0.001	0.002	0.001	0.001
Proportion of drugs available							0.992***	0.311	0.431	1.117	−0.914***	0.327
Constant	0.165	0.393	−6.224***	1.399	−0.180	0.393	0.139	1.004	−15.704***	3.764	1.054	1.033
Rho	0.122		0.674		0.18		0.097		0.625		0.146
LR test (Chi2 value)	25.28***		94.1***		54.3***		18.01***		64.3		38.5***
Log likelihood	−1010.1		−261.5		−1126.9		−985.67		−249.21		−1099.34
AIC	2062.2		564.9		2295.8		2027.33		554.41		2254.68
BIC	2178.9		669.7		2413.5		2182.81		694.04		2411.59
Observations	1912		1086		2013		1906		1082		2006

* Significant difference at 0.05
** Significant difference at 0.01
*** Significant difference at 0.001

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ISSN: 1756-0500

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