Fig. 5

Various effects of NAC on H9C2 cells after exposure to CY metabolites. a ROS generation in H9c2 cells after exposure to HCY or acrolein in presence or absence of NAC. In H9c2 cell samples exposed to 30 μM HCY and 30 μM acrolein for 15 min (mean + SD from three independent experiments), the presence of NAC prevented increased ROS generation. For control, unexposed H9c2 cells were used. *p < 0.05 compared with samples without NAC. b Reduced glutathione levels in H9c2 cells after exposure to acrolein in presence or absence of NAC. Effects of NAC on glutathione levels in H9c2 cells exposed to acrolein for 2 h (mean + SD from three independent experiments). For control, unexposed H9c2 cells were used. *p < 0.05 compared with control samples; ^† p < 0.05 compared with acrolein exposure. c ALDH activity in H9c2 cells after exposure to HCY or acrolein with and without NAC. Effects of NAC on ALDH activity in H9c2 cells exposed to 30 μM HCY and 30 μM acrolein for 4 h (mean + SD from 5 to 6 independent experiments). For control, unexposed H9c2 cells were used. Compared with control samples, ALDH activity decreased in 30 μM HCY and 30 μM acrolein. Presence of NAC prevented decrease in ALDH activity. ^† p < 0.05 compared with control group; *p < 0.05 compared with samples without NAC. (D) Acrolein concentration in H9c2 cells after exposure to 100 μM acrolein in presence or absence of NAC. H9c2 cells were exposed for 4 h to acrolein (mean + SD from three independent experiments). The changes of acrolein in culture media was measured using HPLC. The concentration of acrolein was decreased in the presence of NAC. *p < 0.05 compared with 100 μM acrolein without NAC