Fig. 1
(Modified from [14])
Shock, injury and resuscitation protocol. Pulmonary contusion was followed by blood withdrawal and creation of liver crush injuries with a Holcomb clamp [35]. Fifteen minutes after contusion, treatment solutions were administered as a 1 ml/kg bolus, immediately followed by 0.66 ml/kg/h continuous infusion over 4 h (3.64 ml total). Pigs received limited resuscitation, throughout which they were evaluated every 10 min and, if necessary, received boluses of lactated Ringer’s solution (LR). An hour later, full resuscitation was initiated, throughout pigs received intravenous LR and shed blood. BHB d-β-hydroxybutyrate, DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, Hgb hemoglobin, IV intravenous, LR lactated Ringer’s solution, M melatonin, SBP systolic blood pressure, UO urine output