Table 1 Review of East Africa based carbapenem resistance studies

Kenya

416

57

13.7

VIM-2

P. aeruginosa

Jan 2006–Jun 2007

PCR, PFGE and sequencing

[23]

Kenya

> 100

7

–

NDM-1

K. pneumoniae

2007–2009

PCR, PFGE and sequencing

[24]

Kenya

–

16

–

NDM-1

A. baumannii

Jan 2009–Aug 2010

PCR, PFGE, Sequencing and MBL Etest strips

[25]

Kenya

190

44

23.2

–

K. pneumoniae

2002–2013

Disk diffusion

[26]

Kenya

195

25

12.8

NDM-1 like

K. pneumoniae

1994–2017

WGS

[27]

Kenya

17/219

1/219 or 1/17

0.5/5.9

–

K. pneumoniae

2010

Disk diffusion

[28]

Kenya

42

3

7

–

E. coli

–

Disk diffusion

[29]

Uganda

196

44

22.4

OXA-48, IMP, KPC and NDM-1

K. pneumoniae. E. coli, Enterobacter spp, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pantoea agglomerans

Jan 2013–Mar 2014

PCR. Disk diffusion and Modified Hodge test

[30]

Uganda

658

68

10.3

VIM and OXA-48

E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter sakazaki and Stenotrophomonas spp

Sept 2013–Jun 2014

PCR and disk diffusion

[31]

Uganda

869 (clinical)

10

1.2 (10/869)

24 (10/42)

IMP-like, VIM-like, SPM-like and NDM-1-like

P. aeruginosa (42/658 = 5%)

Feb 2007–Sep 2009

PCR

Phoenix Automated

Microbiology System

[32]

9

1.1 (9/869)

31 (9/29)

OXA-23,24, 58 like and VIM-like

A. baumannii (29/658 = 3%)

80 (environmental)

15

18.8 (15/80)

33 (15/46)

IMP-like, VIM-like, SPM-like and NDM-1-like

P. aeruginosa 57.5% (46/80)

6

7.5 (6/80)

55 (6/11)

OXA-23,24, 58 like and VIM-like

A. baumannii 14% (11/80)

Uganda

736 (clinical)

3

0.41 (3/736)

33 (3/9)

–

P. aeruginosa (9/736 = 1.2%)

Sept 2012–Oct 2013

Rep-PCR and disk diffusion

[33]

1

0.14 (1/736)

14 (1/7)

–

A. baumannii (7/736 = 0.95%)

100 (environmental)

7

7 (7/100)

21 (7/33)

–

P. aeruginosa (33/100 = 33%)

6

6 (6/100)

46 (6/13)

–

A. baumannii (13/100 = 13%)

Tanzania

90

8

8.9

VIM-2

P. aeruginosa

May 2010–Jul 2011

Sequencing, PGFE and Disc diffusing

[34]

Tanzania

227

80

35

VIM-, IMP-, NDM-KPC, OXA48

K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. oxytoca A. baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella spp

2007–2012

PCR and disk diffusion

[35]

Rwanda

55/154

5 in 154 or 5/55

2.9/8

–

E. coli

Jul–Dec 2013

Disk diffusion

[36]

Ethiopia

33

4

12.1

–

K. pneumoniae and Morganella morgani

Jan–Mar 2014

Disc diffusion and

Modified Hodge test

[37]

Ethiopia

267

5

1.87

–

K. pneumoniae

E. coli

Dec 2012

[38]

DRC

104/643

1 in 643 or 1/104

0.2/0.96

–

Enterobacter spp.

Sept 2012–Aug 2013

Disk diffusion

[39]