Table 1 Clinical and biochemical variables of the study population
| Variables |
Type 2 diabetes (N = 100) |
Controls (N = 61) | 95% CI |
p-value (t-test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.67 ± 9.25 | 42.05 ± 7.96 | − 12.85 to (− 6.39) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.37 ± 5.72 | 28.23 ± 4.84 | − 7.35 to 4.97 | 0.9241 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 143.48 ± 24.97 | 135.16 ± 19.98 | − 15.71 to (− 0.92) | 0.0288 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83.37 ± 15.06 | 74. 54 ± 13.51 | 47.17 to 56.41 | 0.0001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 11.62 ± 7.81 | 5.03 ± 0.61 | − 8.56 to (− 4.62) | < 0.0001 |
| T. Chol (mmol/L) | 6.13 ± 0.70 | 4.58 ± 0.65 | − 1.76 to (− 1.33) | < 0.0001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.57 ± 1.01 | 1.04 ± 0.43 | − 0.79 to (− 0.26) | 0.0001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.26 ± 0.48 | 1.26 ± 0.47 | − 0.15 to 0.15 | 1.0000 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.68 ± 0.96 | 2.85 ± 0.86 | − 1.12 to (− 0.53) | 0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular risk | 4.88 ± 1.46 | 3.54 ± 1.38 | − 1.79 to (− 0.88) | 0.0001 |
| Atherogenic index | 5.89 ± 1.02 | 3.18 ± 0.08 | − 2.96 to (− 2.45) | < 0.0001 |
| Total Bil (μmol/L) | 11.82 ± 8.43 | 13.75 ± 4.97 | − 0.40 to 4.26 | 0.1065 |
| Direct Bil (μmol/L) | 4.42 ± 2.13 | 4.35 ± 2.53 | − 0.79 to 0.65 | 0.8509 |
| Indirect Bil (μmol/L) | 7.72 ± 4.00 | 9.39 ± 3.92 | 0.40 to 2.93 | 0.0105 |
| GGT (U/L) | 30.45 ± 18.28 | 30.43 ± 11.58 | − 5.04 to 5.20 | 0.9756 |
| ALT (U/L) | 35.04 ± 21.28 | 27.85 ± 9.49 | − 12.85 to (− 1.53) | 0.0138 |
| AST (U/L) | 32.60 ± 6.31 | 30.36 ± 7.27 | − 3.93 to (− 0.54) | 0.0805 |
| ALP (U/L) | 182.82 ± 64.57 | 177.50 ± 52.69 | − 24.54 to 13.90 | 0.5882 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 65.77 ± 15.46 | 68.35 ± 10.06 | − 1.774 to 6.934 | 0.2473 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 38.32 ± 7.24 | 38.60 ± 5.87 | − 1.87 to 2.43 | 0.7990 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 3.53 ± 4.72 | – | – | – |