Table 1 Parameter values used in numerical simulations

\(\mu \)

Natural death rate of humans

\(5.00 e^{-2}\)–\(6.00 e^{-2}\)

0.00524/0.06

day\(^{-1}\)

Assumed

\(\beta _{1}\)

Effective contact rate between individuals

0.057–0.100

0.060/0.107

day\(^{-1}\)

Assumed

\(\beta _{2}\)

Per capita contact rate for humans and the contaminated environment

0.2073–0.2213

0.2143/0.22

day\(^{-1}\)

[9]

\({\hat{k}}\)

Half-saturation constant

\(10^{5}\)–\(10^{9}\)

\(10^{5}{/}10^{6} \)

Cells L\(^{-1}\)

[8]

\(\gamma _{0}\)

Minimum recovery rate of human

–

\((0.015, \dots )\)

-

Assumed

\(\gamma _{1}\)

Maximum recovery rate of human

–

\((\gamma _{0} , 0.09)\)

–

Assumed

\({\hat{b}}\)

Hospital bed-population ratio

–

(0, 20)

–

[20]

\(\delta \)

Bacterial net death rate

–

30

day\(^{-1}\)

[17]

\(\alpha \)

Shedding rate

1–150

50

Cells mL\(^{-1}\) person\(^{-1}\) day\(^{-1}\)

[8, 9]