Table 1 Characteristics of participants (n = 156)
From: Blood Cd levels and carotid intima-media thickness in young adults living in Padang, Indonesia
All | Cd tertile | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (n=52) | 2 (n=52) | 3 (n=52) | ||||||
Sex (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Male | 85 (54.5) | 28 (53.8) | 23 (44.2) | 34 (65.4) | ||||
Female | 71 (45.5) | 24 (46.2) | 29 (55.8) | 8 (34.6) | ||||
Age (years) | ||||||||
Mean (SD) | 20.7 (1.4) | 20.5 (1.2) | 20.8 (1.3) | 20.9 (1.6) | ||||
Range | 18–24 | |||||||
BMI (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Underweight | ||||||||
(< 18.5 kg/m2) | 22 (14.1) | 6 (11.5) | 7 (13.5) | 9 (17.3) | ||||
Normoweight | ||||||||
(18.5–22.9 kg/m2) | 66 (42.3) | 21 (40.4) | 20 (38.5) | 25 (48.1) | ||||
Overweight | ||||||||
(23.0–24.9 kg/m2) | 28 (17.9) | 12 (23.1) | 10 (19.2) | 6 (11.5) | ||||
Obese | ||||||||
(> 24.9 kg/m2) | 40 (25.6) | 13 (25.0) | 15 (28.8) | 12 (23.1) | ||||
Smoking habit (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Never | 113 (72.4) | 44 (84.6) | 45 (86.5) | 24 (46.2) | ||||
Former | 12 (7.7) | 4 (7.7) | 4 (7.7) | 4 (7.7) | ||||
Current | 31 (19.9) | 4 (7.7) | 3 (5.8) | 24 (46.2) | ||||
Secondhand smoking exposure (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Never | 4 (2.6) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (1.9) | ||||
Sometimes | 81 (51.9) | 36 (69.2) | 28 (53.8) | 17 (32.7) | ||||
Frequently | 51 (32.7) | 12 (23.1) | 20 (38.5) | 19 (36.5) | ||||
Always | 20 (12.8) | 3 (5.8) | 2 (3.8) | 15 (28.8) | ||||
Alcohol intake (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Yes | 2 (1.3) | – | – | 2 (3.8) | ||||
No | 154 (98.7) | 52 (100) | 52 (100) | 50 (96.2) | ||||
Parental education (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Without college education | 56 (35.9) | 14 (26.9) | 21 (40.4) | 21 (40.4) | ||||
College education | 68 (43.6) | 29 (55.8) | 19 (36.5) | 20 (38.5) | ||||
Postgraduate education | 32 (20.5) | 9 (17.3) | 12 (23.1) | 11 (21.2) | ||||
Parental monthly income (n, (%)) | ||||||||
< 3 million IDR | 49 (31.4) | 14 (26.9) | 17 (32.7) | 18 (34.6) | ||||
3–10 million IDR | 91 (58.3) | 30 (57.7) | 33 (63.5) | 28 (53.8) | ||||
> 10 million IDR | 16 (10.3) | 8 (15.4) | 2 (3.8) | 6 (11.5) | ||||
Residence close to metal workshop or industry (n, (%)) | ||||||||
Yes | 23 (14.7) | 11 (21.2) | 7 (13.5) | 5 (9.6) | ||||
No | 133 (85.3) | 41 (78.8) | 45 (86.5) | 47 (90.4) | ||||