Table 3 Multiple logistic regression of having an eye examination since diabetes diagnosis and related factors

Predisposing factors

 Age

  15–44 years

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

  45–54 years

1.82

[0.66–5.00]

0.243

1.62

[0.6–4.35]

0.338

2.00

[0.77–5.21]

0.154

  55–64 years

3.77

[1.45–9.77]

0.007 *

4.58

[1.89–11.06]

0.001 *

4.18

[1.63–10.72]

0.003 *

  ≥ 65 years

3.68

[1.35–10.02]

0.011 *

5.90

[2.2–15.82]

<0.001 *

4.78

[1.75–13.05]

0.002 *

 Sex

  Males

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

  Females

0.81

[0.41–1.6]

0.546

0.89

[0.43–1.84]

0.753

0.95

[0.45–2.02]

0.897

 Ethnicity

  African

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

  ’Coloured’(mixed race)

1.71

[0.75–3.92]

0.204

1.91

[0.75–4.87]

0.173

1.91

[0.72–5.07]

0.192

  White or Indian

0.65

[0.28–1.48]

0.299

0.29

[0.09–0.98]

0.046 *

0.30

[0.09–1.05]

0.060

  High risk alcohol use

1.29

[0.35–4.76]

0.698

0.98

[0.27–3.51]

0.973

1.50

[0.43–5.29]

0.523

  Current smoker

0.50

[0.19–1.31]

0.155

0.45

[0.17–1.24]

0.123

0.39

[0.15–1.04]

0.060

 Body mass index (BMI)

  Underweight/normal weight: < 25 kg/m²

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

  Overweight: 25–29.9 kg/m²

0.74

[0.32–1.68]

0.467

0.40

[0.17–0.96]

0.041 *

0.38

[0.15–0.93]

0.034 *

  Obese: ≥ 30 kg/m²

1.05

[0.47–2.35]

0.907

0.75

[0.33–1.72]

0.495

0.77

[0.32–1.85]

0.563

Enabling factors

 Residence

 Rural

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 Urban

1.44

[0.74–2.82]

0.283

1.41

[0.68–2.91]

0.355

 Has health insurance

6.98

[2.69–18.15]

<0.001 *

6.32

[2.00–19.91]

0.002 *

Need factors

  Hypertensive

1.06

[0.54–2.08]

0.868

  High cholesterol

0.64

[0.3–1.38]

0.253

  Cardiovascular disease

1.33

[0.6–2.94]

0.479

  Accessed health care in past 5 years

0.98

[0.52–1.85]

0.949

  Clinician assessed vision loss

1.97

[0.83–4.69]

0.125

  Self–reported vision problems

0.52

[0.24–1.15]

0.106

  Diabetic medication use

  No medication

ref

–

–

  Oral glycaemic medication

0.99

[0.39–2.48]

0.977

  Insulin

2.67

[0.47–15.2]

0.267

  Insulin and oral glycaemic medication

2.57

[0.9–7.35]

0.077

  Number of years since diabetes diagnosis

  0–5 years

ref

–

–

  6–10 years

4.23

[1.55–11.54]

0.005 *

  11–20 years

2.72

[0.99–7.43]

0.052

  > 20 years

2.38

[0.91–6.2]

0.076