Table 1 Mean differences of MDADI subscales according to socio demographic characteristics of participants

Sex

 Male

56.3 ± 18.5

56.3 ± 16.6

47.6 ± 25.1

58.7 ± 18.9

61.2 ± 17.6

52.6 ± 21.3

 Female

49.8 ± 14.4

49.7 ± 14.3

40.8 ± 19.9

54.3 ± 15.3

53.6 ± 16.8

45.7 ± 15.9

 P

0.054

0.036

0.139

0.204

0.030

0.069

Age in years

 18–43

50.7 ± 16.0

51.6 ± 14.9

41.8 ± 22.6

53.7 ± 17.1

55.3 ± 17.7

47.1 ± 17.8

 Above 43

56.5 ± 17.7

55.3 ± 16.8

47.8 ± 23.3

60.2 ± 17.3

60.5 ± 17.0

52.3 ± 20.7

 P

0.086

0.241

0.189

0.060

0.140

0.169

Marital status

 Living alone

55.4 ± 16.8

54.7 ± 15.5

47.8 ± 24.4

58.9 ± 17.3

59.3 ± 16.8

51.5 ± 19.1

 Living with partner

50.4 ± 16.9

51.4 ± 16.3

40.0 ± 20.5

53.6 ± 17.4

55.5 ± 18.5

46.6 ± 19.4

 P

0.141

0.301

0.091

0.130

0.292

0.210

Level of education

 No formal education

52.7 ± 14.7

53.3 ± 13.6

44.7 ± 20.3

55.2 ± 15.6

56.0 ± 15.0

49.8 ± 16.8

 Primary

50.6 ± 14.8

50.4 ± 13.9

39.2 ± 20.8

53.9 ± 15.8

53.2 ± 17.0

48.0 ± 16.5

 Secondary

54.1 ± 22.5

52.9 ± 21.2

50.0 ± 28.5

57.2 ± 21.5

60.7 ± 20.1

48.1 ± 25.7

 Higher

56.2 ± 17.8

56.3 ± 16.5

45.4 ± 24.4

60.6 ± 18.3

62.0 ± 18.8

51.3 ± 20.5

 P

0.705

0.630

0.508

0.534

0.263

0.929

Employment status

 Employed^a

54.8 ± 17.6

54.4 ± 16.6

46.9 ± 24.5

58.0 ± 17.9

59.3 ± 17.6

50.8 ± 20.4

 Unemployed

49.9 ± 14.9

50.6 ± 13.7

38.7 ± 18.1

53.3 ± 15.9

53.9 ± 17.1

46.3 ± 16.1

 P

0.187

0.263

0.098

0.219

0.157

0.283

Place of residence

 Addis Ababa

48.8 ± 17.1

49.1 ± 17.7

39.2 ± 22.9

52.9 ± 17.5

55.1 ± 19.1

43.8 ± 20.3

 Regional /rural

54.9 ± 16.7

54.7 ± 15.0

46.3 ± 22.9

57.9 ± 17.4

58.6 ± 17.0

51.4 ± 18.6

 P

0.118

0.119

0.177

0.214

0.382

0.081

Level of income/medical expenses coverage

 Fee paying

60.7 ± 19.7

58.9 ± 19.8

50.9 ± 25.7

64.3 ± 17.9

65.7 ± 19.3

56.8 ± 24.2

 Covered by government

50.1 ± 14.6

50.8 ± 13.2

41.7 ± 21.3

53.3 ± 16.2

54.2 ± 15.6

46.2 ± 15.8

 P

0.003*

0.018*

0.061

0.003*

0.002*

0.010*

Smoking

 Yes

52.3 ± 15.4

52.4 ± 14.9

43.4 ± 22.2

56.4 ± 15.6

56.6 ± 16.6

47.9 ± 17.8

 No

57.5 ± 22.3

56.8 ± 19.5

49.0 ± 26.3

57.5 ± 24.1

62.0 ± 21.0

55.6 ± 24.0

 P

0.229

0.266

0.333

0.806

0.222

0.109