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Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population

From: The association between the clinical severity of heart failure and docosahexaenoic acid accumulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

 

Mild (N = 8)

Severe (N = 8)

P

Age (years)

70.5 ± 11.6

56.4 ± 21.8

0.13

Weight (kg)

61.4 ± 11.9

59.0 ± 16.2

0.75

BMI (kg/m2)

25.0 ± 5.0

22.6 ± 4.5

0.34

Female, N (%)

5 (62.5)

3 (37.5)

0.32

NYHA class

  

0.029

 I

3 (37.5)

0 (0.0)

 

 II

5 (62.5)

4 (50.0)

 

 III

0 (0.0)

4 (50.0)

 

 IV

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

History of cardiopulmonary arrest, N (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

History of unexplained syncope, N (%)

1 (12.5)

5 (62.5)

0.039

Family history of sudden cardiac death, N (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (12.5)

0.3

Documentation of NSVT, N (%)

1 (12.5)

2 (25.0)

0.5

Risk of sudden cardiac death in 5 years (%)

1.58 ± 1.08

4.31 ± 2.93

0.036

Atrial fibrillation, N (%)

3 (37.5)

1 (12.5)

0.25

Hypertension, N (%)

4 (50.0)

5 (62.5)

0.61

Diabetes, N (%)

1 (12.5)

1 (12.5)

1.0

Dyslipidemia, N (%)

3 (37.5)

2 (25.0)

0.59

Current smoker, N (%)

2 (25.0)

1 (12.5)

0.52

COPD, N (%)

1 (12.5)

0 (0.0)

0.3

Coronary artery disease, N (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Stroke, N (%)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Malignancy, N (%)

1 (12.5)

1 (12.5)

1.0

Medication, N (%)

 Na channel blocker

1 (12.5)

2 (25.0)

0.52

 Beta-blocker

5 (62.5)

6 (75.0)

0.59

 Calcium channel blocker

5 (62.5)

2 (25.0)

0.13

 ACE inhibitors or ARBs

3 (37.5)

4 (50.0)

0.61

 Anticoagulation

2 (25.0)

1 (12.5)

0.52

 Amiodarone

0 (0.0)

1 (12.5)

0.3

 Metformin

1 (12.5)

0 (0.0)

0.3

 Statin

1 (12.5)

1 (12.5)

1.0

 Fibrate

0 (0.0)

1 (12.5)

0.3

 Ezetimib

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 EPA

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 DHA

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Operations and interventions, N (%)

 Surgical myectomy

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 Alcohol septal ablation

0 (0.0)

5 (62.5)

0.007

 AF ablation

2 (25.0)

0 (0.0)

0.13

 ICD implantation

0 (0.0)

2 (25.0)

0.13

Vital signs

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.0 ± 11.7

121.4 ± 11.9

0.95

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

73.8 ± 13.3

66.2 ± 7.4

0.19

 Heart rate (bpm)

59.0 ± 8.4

66.1 ± 6.4

0.077

Laboratory data

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

477.4 ± 471.7

1482 ± 1497

0.092

 Troponin T (ng/mL)

0.0129 ± 0.008

0.0254 ± 0.022

0.15

 CRP (mg/dL)

0.13 ± 0.11

0.07 ± 0.04

0.24

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.7 ± 1.7

13.3 ± 2.4

0.60

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.90 ± 0.21

0.83 ± 0.31

0.80

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

57.1 ± 15.6

65.8 ± 29.0

0.47

 HbA1c (%)

5.9 ± 0.6

5.6 ± 0.4

0.34

 LDL-C (mg/dL)

106.3 ± 22.8

99.1 ± 19.2

0.51

 Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (µg/mL)

38.2 ± 12.0

41.2 ± 13.8

0.67

 Arachidonic acid (AA) (µg/mL)

201.4 ± 33.0

197.0 ± 55.0

0.86

 EPA (µg/mL)

73.4 ± 52.7

46.8 ± 20.5

0.21

 DHA (µg/mL)

115.0 ± 46.9

127.3 ± 39.6

0.59

 EPA/AA ratio

0.39 ± 0.28

0.24 ± 0.09

0.22

 DHA/AA ratio

0.60 ± 0.32

0.66 ± 0.21

0.66

Echocardiographic variables

 Maximum LV wall thickness (mm)

17.3 ± 4.6

19.4 ± 2.4

0.28

 LVEF (%)

72.0 ± 7.1

70.2 ± 4.7

0.56

 LAD (mm)

41.0 ± 7.3

38.4 ± 2.5

0.37

 LAVI (mL/m2)

53.5 ± 20.5

46.1 ± 5.5

0.39

 E/A

0.73 ± 0.18

0.84 ± 0.53

0.58

 E/e’

17.3 ± 5.2

16.4 ± 7.4

0.79

 LVOT-PG (mmHg)

32.3 ± 43.4

59.8 ± 37.5

0.20

MRI variables

 LV mass (g)

112.5 ± 39.5

166.6 ± 40.4

0.017

 Apical aneurysm, N (%)

1 (12.5)

2 (25.0)

0.52

 LGE, N (%)

3 (37.5)

4 (50.0)

0.61

  1. Bold values denote statistical significance at the P < 0.05.
  2. Data are expressed as mean ± SD and number (%)
  3. BMI body mass index; NYHA New York Heart Association; NSVT non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB angiotensin receptor blocker; EPA eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA docosahexaenoic acid; AF atrial fibrillation; ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NT-proBNP n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; CRP C-reactive protein; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV left ventricle; LAD left atrial diameter; LAVI left atrial volume index; LVOT-PG left ventricular outflow tract-pressure gradient; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; LGE late gadolinium enhancement