Table 1 Association between viral load, antiretroviral adherence profile and the adoption of COVID-19 pandemic preventive behaviour status among PLHIV during the first wave of the pandemic (N = 680)
Variables | Total | Physical distancing | Face mask | Handwashing | Work remotely | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | AOR; 95% CI; p value | No | Yes | AOR; 95% CI; p value | No | Yes | AOR; 95% CI; p value | No | Yes | AOR; 95% CI; p value | ||
N = 680 | 221 (32.5%) | 459 (67.5%) | 99 (14.6%) | 581 (85.4%) | 132 (19.4%) | 548 (80.6%) | 540 (79.4%) | 140 (20.6) | |||||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
Viral load | |||||||||||||
Undetectable | 488 (71.8) | 157 (32.2) | 331 (67.8) | 1 | 56 (11.5) | 432 (88.5) | 1 | 86 (17.6) | 402 (82.4) | 1 | 389 (79.7) | 99 (20.3) | 1 |
Detectable | 192 (28.2) | 64 (33.3) | 128 (66.7) | 1.06; 0.72–1.55; p = 0.74 | 43 (22.4) | 149 (77.6) | 0.44; 0.28–0.69; p < 0.01 | 46 (24.0) | 146 (76.0) | 0.64; 0.42–0.97; p = 0.03 | 151 (78.6) | 41 (21.4) | 0.99; 0.64–1.53; p = 0.98 |
Adherence to ART | |||||||||||||
No | 151 (22.2) | 53 (35.1) | 98 (64.9) | 1 | 23 (15.2) | 128 (84.8) | 1 | 30 (19.9) | 121 (80.1) | 1 | 107 (70.9) | 44 (29.1) | 1 |
Yes | 529 (77.8) | 168 (31.8) | 361 (68.2) | 1.04; 0.69–1.58; p = 0.83 | 76 (14.4) | 453 (85.6) | 0.99; 0.57–0.71; p = 0.98 | 102 (19.3) | 427 (80.7) | 1.11; 0.69–1.81; p = 0.65 | 433 (81.9) | 96 (18.1) | 0.60; 0.38–0.94; p = 0.02 |
Age | 39.9(11.3) | 39.1 (11.6) | 40.3 (11.2) | 1.01; 1.00–1.03; p = 0.38 | 40.9 (11.3) | 39.7 (11.3) | 0.99; 0.97–1.00; p = 0.51 | 39.3 (10.1) | 40.0 (11.6) | 1.07; 0.98–1.02; p = 0.46 | 39.6 (11.6) | 40.8 (10.3) | 1.01; 0.99–1.03; p = 0.17 |
Sex | |||||||||||||
Male | 277 (40.8) | 89 (32.1) | 188 (67.9) | 1 | 40 (14.4) | 237 (85.6) | 1 | 48 (17.3) | 229 (82.7) | 1 | 217 (78.3) | 60 (21.7) | 1 |
Female | 395 (58.1) | 129 (32.7) | 266 (67.3) | 0.97; 0.69–1.38; p = 0.89 | 56 (14.2) | 339 (85.8) | 0.94; 0.59–0.48; p = 0.80 | 82 (20.8) | 313 (79.2) | 0.81; 0.54–1.22; p = 0.32 | 316 (80.0) | 79 (20.0) | 0.93; 0.63–1.39; p = 0.75 |
Intersex | 3 (0.4) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0.67; 0.04–9.71; p = 0.77 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.56; 0.03–0.87; p = 0.68 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.53; 0.03–7.87; p = 0.64 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 3.30; 0.22–49.46; p = 0.38 |
Decline to answer | 5 (0.7) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 1.72; 0.18–15.82; p = 0.62 | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0.20; 0.03–0.29; p = 0.09 | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.96; 0.10–8.94; p = 0.97 | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | Not calculated (p = 0.99) |
Educational level | |||||||||||||
No formal | 24 (3.5) | 20 (83.3) | 4 (16.7) | 0.66; 0.02–0.20; p < 0.01 | 8 (33.3) | 16 (66.7) | 0.30; 0.11–0.79; p = 0.01 | 6 (25.0) | 18 (75.0) | 0.49; 0.17–1.39; p = 0.18 | 21 (87.5) | 3 (12.5) | 0.24; 0.06–0.89; p = 0.03 |
Primary | 57 (8.4) | 30 (52.6) | 27 (47.4) | 0.34; 0.19–0.60; p < 0.01 | 14 (24.6) | 43 (75.4) | 0.43; 0.21–0.87; p = 0.01 | 12 (21.1) | 45 (78.9) | 0.78; 0.38–1.60; p = 0.50 | 53 (93.0) | 4 (7.0) | 0.19; 0.06–0.55; p < 0.01 |
Secondary | 239 (35.1) | 72 (30.1) | 167 (69.9) | 0.94; 0.65–1.36; p = 0.75 | 31 (13.0) | 208 (87.0) | 0.96; 0.58–1.59; p = 0.89 | 51 (21.3) | 188 (78.7) | 0.82; 0.53–1.26; p = 0.37 | 203 (84.9) | 36 (15.1) | 0.53; 0.34–0.82; p < 0.001 |
Tertiary | 360 (52.9) | 99 (27.5) | 261 (72.5) | 1 | 46 (12.8) | 314 (87.2) | 1 | 63 (17.5) | 297 (82.5) | 1 | 263 (73.1) | 97 (26.9) | 1 |
Depression | |||||||||||||
No | 52 (81.2) | 177 (32.1) | 375 (67.9) | 1 | 86 (15.6) | 466 (84.4) | 1 | 124 (22.5) | 428 (77.5) | 1 | 453 (82.1) | 99 (17.9) | 1 |
Yes | 128 (18.8) | 44 (34.4) | 84 (65.6) | 1.09; 0.70–1.69; p = 0.70 | 13 (10.2) | 115 (89.8) | 1.90; 0.99–3.68; p = 0.05 | 8 (6.3) | 120 (93.7) | 4.80; 2.24–10.27; p < 0.01 | 87 (68.0) | 41 (32.0) | 2.10; 1.33–3.31; p < 0.01 |