Table 1 Socio-demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics of all participants, and participants with and without DKD separately

Socio-demographic and clinical

Age (years)

≥ 50 years*

48 (39–57)

242 (46.6)

50 (42–59)

94 (53.7)

47 (39–56)

148 (43)

0.36

0.02

Sex*

Males

Females

227 (43.7)

292 (56.3)

68 (38.9)

107 (61.1)

159 (46.2)

185 (53.8)

0.11

Smoking habits (current or quit) *

45 (8.7)

12 (6.9)

33 (9.6)

0.57

Self-reported hypertension comorbidity*

174 (33.7)

71 (40.6)

103 (30.1)

0.02

SBP (mmHg)

125 (115–136)

126 (116–142)

125 (115–133)

0.50

DBP (mmHg)

84 (77–91)

85 (78–92)

83 (76–90)

0.38

Anthropometric

BMI (kg/m²)

27.4 (23.4–31.4)

26.5 (23-31.3)

27.6 (23.7–31.6)

0.51

BMI < 25 kg/m²

25-29.9 kg/m²

≥30 kg/m²

174 (33.7)

164 (31.8)

178 (34.5)

66 (37.9)

53 (30.5)

55 (31.6)

108 (31.6)

111 (32.5)

123 (35.9)

0.34

WC (cm)

96 (87–104)

96 (87-104.1)

96 (87.5–104)

0.60

HC (cm)

103.5 (95.5-111.8)

102.5 (94.5-110.5)

104 (96–112)

0.67

WHR

0.92 (0.88–0.96)

0.93 (0.89–0.97)

0.92 (0.87–0.96)

0.63

Metabolic

Haemoglobin (g/dl)

14.3 (13.2–15.4)

14.2 (12.8–15.4)

14.3 (13.5–15.4)

0.27

Urea (mmol/l)

3.2 (2.5–4.1)

3.2 (2.5–4.3)

3.1 (2.4-4)

0.20

e-GFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

121.8 (105.4-133.9)

117.5 (97.9-132.3)

124.6 (109.5-134.6)

0.41

TC (mmol/l)

4 (3.2-5)

4.1 (3.2-5)

4 (3.2-5.0)

0.11

HDLC (mmol/l)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

1 (0.8–1.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.30

TGL (mmol/l)

1.4 (1-1.9)

1.4 (1-1.9)

1.3 (1-1.8)

0.36

LDLC (mmol/l)

2.6 (1.9–3.4)

2.6 (1.8–3.52)

2.6 (2-3.3)

0.53

Non-HDLC (mmol/l)

3 (2.3–3.8)

3.1 (2.3–3.9)

3 (2.3–3.8)

0.43

Uric acid (µmol/l)

270 (217-330.2)

272 (214–335)

268 (217–327)

0.68

HbA1c (%)

10.6 (7.8–12.5)

10.8 (8.6–12.5)

10.4 (7.5–12.6)

0.44

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

92 (62–114)

95 (70–113)

90 (59–114)

0.43

FBG (mmol/l)

8.6 (6.3–13.4)

9.5 (6.5–14)

8.1 (6.2–12.8)

0.42