Table 2 Crude odds ratios (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of households using improved sanitation and their 95% confidence interval, Bangladesh (N = 64,298)

Division (Ref: Dhaka)

Chittagong

1.47 (1.37–1.57)*

< 0.001

1.61 (1.53–1.70)*

< 0.001

Barishal

1.46 (1.37–1.57)*

< 0.001

2.20 (2.03–2.38)*

< 0.001

Khulna

1.31 (1.24–1.39)*

< 0.001

1.50 (1.41–1.59)*

< 0.001

Rajshahi

1.05 (1.01–1.10)*

0.024

1.58 (1.50–1.66)*

< 0.001

Sylhet

1.20 (1.12–1.29)*

< 0.001

1.37 (1.26–1.49)*

< 0.001

Place of residence (Ref: Urban)

Rural

0.73 (0.71–0.76)*

< 0.001

0.63 (0.53–0.73)*

< 0.001

Wealth Index (Ref: Poorest)

Poorer

2.38 (2.24–2.54)*

< 0.001

1.53 (1.25–1.88)*

< 0.001

Middle

4.48 (4.22–4.76)*

< 0.001

1.72 (1.43–2.05)*

< 0.001

Richer

5.95 (5.60–6.32)*

< 0.001

1.77 (1.50–2.08)*

< 0.001

Richest

12.67 (11.91–13.48)*

< 0.001

5.04 (4.30–5.91)*

< 0.001

Household size (Ref: 1–3)

4–6

1.58 (1.52–1.64)*

< 0.001

1.58 (1.51–1.65)*

< 0.001

7 or more

2.32 (2.20–2.44)*

< 0.001

2.03 (1.91–2.15)*

< 0.001

Age of household head (Ref: Less than 30)

30–39 Years

1.64 (1.55–1.75)*

< 0.001

1.48 (1.38–1.58)*

< 0.001

40–49 Years

2.47 (2.33–2.62)*

< 0.001

2.31 (2.15–2.48)*

< 0.001

50 or more years

2.77 (2.62–2.93)*

< 0.001

2.73 (2.56–2.93)*

< 0.001

Educational status of household head (Ref: No education)

Primary

1.48 (1.42–1.54)*

< 0.001

1.22 (1.17–1.28)*

< 0.001

Secondary

2.51 (2.40–2.62)*

< 0.001

1.57 (1.50–1.66)*

< 0.001

Higher

6.45 (6.00–6.83)*

< 0.001

2.96 (2.76–3.17)*

< 0.001

Marital status of household head/Ever married (Ref: Yes)

No

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

0.181

1.49 (1.29–1.72)*

< 0.001

Study point/Period (Ref: year 2007)

2011

1.49 (1.41–1.57)*

< 0.001

1.67 (1.57–1.78)*

< 0.001

2014

2.43 (2.31–2.57)*

< 0.001

3.17 (2.98–3.37)*

< 0.001

2017-18

2.30 (2.18–2.42)*

< 0.001

2.95 (2.78–3.13)*

< 0.001