Fig. 5

Comparative Gene Expression Profiles in female RRMS Patients: GA treatment showed no significant impact on expression levels (Fig. 5A). In contrast, IFNβ-1a treatment led to a significant reduction in T-bet, IFN-γ, and MEG3 expression (P-value = 0.004, P-value = 0.024, and P-value = 0.048, respectively) (Fig. 5B). DMF treatment resulted in a notable downregulation of T-bet expression (P-value = 0.008) (Fig. 5C), while fingolimod treatment significantly reduced IFN-γ and MEG3 expression in RRMS female patients (P-value = 0.002 and P-value = 0.011, respectively) (Fig. 5D). All Values Represent Mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns: nonsignificant