Table 2 Risk factors associated with major complications, major pulmonary complications and anastomotic leak

Major complications (Clavien Dindo grade > IIIa)

Body mass index

0.88

0.80, 0.96

0.008

0.85

0.76, 0.94

0.002

American Society of Anesthesiology class 3–4

3.80

1.58, 9.95

0.004

4.20

1.62, 11.9

0.005

Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.11

0.87, 1.44

0.4

Surgical approach (reference is the open approach)

Minimally invasive

2.84

0.26, 62.5

0.4

Hybrid thoracoscopy

0.89

0.25, 2.87

0.8

High volume

vs.

Low volume

Intraoperative

1.40

0.65, 3.01

0.4

Postoperative day 0

2.43

1.12, 5.38

0.026

4.46

1.54, 15.2

0.009

Postoperative day 1

3.36

1.53, 7.62

0.003

4.15

1.45, 13.9

0.012

Postoperative day 2

3.05

1.40, 6.85

0.006

3.33

1.40, 8.26

0.007

Cumulative fluid balance (L)

Intraoperative

1.10

0.87, 1.41

0.4

Postoperative day 0

1.10

0.97, 1.26

0.14

Postoperative day 1

1.14

1.03, 1.28

0.016

1.15

1.03, 1.31

0.022

Postoperative day 2

1.15

1.05, 1.26

0.003

1.16

1.05, 1.29

0.005

Major pulmonary complications

Body mass index

0.95

0.86, 1.03

0.2

American Society of Anesthesiology class 3–4

3.86

1.44, 12.3

0.012

3.46

1.25, 11.3

0.024

Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.10

0.85, 1.43

0.5

Surgical approach (reference is the open approach)

Minimally invasive

4.81

0.44, 106

0.2

Hybrid thoracoscopy

0.72

0.15, 2.58

0.6

High volume

vs.

Low volume

Intraoperative

1.12

0.49, 2.55

0.8

Postoperative day 0

2.16

0.94, 5.13

0.072

Postoperative day 1

3.16

1.35, 7.82

0.010

4.15

1.45, 13.9

0.012

Postoperative day 2

3.34

1.43, 8.27

0.007

3.04

1.27, 7.67

0.015

Cumulative fluid balance (L)

Intraoperative

1.24

0.97, 1.63

0.094

Postoperative day 0

1.16

1.02, 1.33

0.034

1.14

1.00, 1.32

0.062

Postoperative day 1

1.17

1.05, 1.31

0.005

1.16

1.04, 1.30

0.012

Postoperative day 2

1.16

1.07, 1.28

0.001

1.15

1.05, 1.27

0.004

Anastomotic leak

Body mass index

1.08

0.99, 1.19

0.088

1.08

0.98, 1.20

0.13

American Society of Anesthesiology class 3–4

2.43

0.81, 9.00

0.14

Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.08

0.80, 1.46

0.6

Surgical approach (reference is the open approach)

Minimally invasive

1.92

0.09, 21.1

0.6

Hybrid thoracoscopy

0.32

0.02, 1.79

0.3

High volume

vs.

Low volume

Intraoperative

2.40

0.91, 6.87

0.086

Postoperative day 0

4.02

1.43, 13.2

0.012

4.46

1.54, 15.2

0.009

Postoperative day 1

4.02

1.43, 13.2

0.012

4.15

1.45, 13.9

0.012

Postoperative day 2

8.67

2.69, 39.0

0.001

8.59

2.64, 39.0

0.001

Cumulative fluid balance (L)

Intraoperative

1.47

1.10, 2.03

0.011

1.48

1.11, 2.03

0.01

Postoperative day 0

1.23

1.07, 1.45

0.007

1.24

1.07, 1.46

0.006

Postoperative day 1

1.25

1.11, 1.43

0.001

1.25

1.11, 1.43

0.001

Postoperative day 2

1.19

1.08, 1.32

0.001

1.19

1.08, 1.32

0.001