Young J, Inouye SK: Delirium in older people. British Medical Journal. 2007, 334: 842-846D. 10.1136/bmj.39169.706574.AD.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD: Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing. 2006, 35: 350-364. 10.1093/ageing/afl005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacLullich AMJ, Ferguson KJ, Miller T, de Rooij SEJA, Cunningham C: Unravelling the pathophysiology of delirium: A focus on the role of aberrant stress responses. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2008, 65: 229-238. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.019.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olsson T: Activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and delirium. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 1999, 10: 345-349. 10.1159/000017168.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Herbert J, Goodyer IM, Grossman AB, Hastings MH, de Kloet ER, Lightman SL: Do corticosteroids damage the brain?. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2006, 18: 393-411. 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01429.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lupien SJ, Gillin CJ, Hauger RL: Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: A dose-response study in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience. 1999, 113: 420-430. 10.1037/0735-7044.113.3.420.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sirois F: Steroid psychosis: a review. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003, 25: 27-33. 10.1016/S0163-8343(02)00241-4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Newcomer JW, Selke G, Melson AK, Hershey T, Craft S, Richards K: Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999, 56: 527-533. 10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.527.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Starkman MN, Giordani B, Berent S, Schork MA, Schteingart DE: Elevated cortisol levels in Cushing's disease are associated with cognitive decrements. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001, 63: 985-993.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacLullich AM, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Ferguson KJ, Wardlaw JM, Seckl JR: Plasma cortisol levels, brain volumes and cognition in healthy elderly men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005, 30: 505-515. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.12.005.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacLullich AM, Ferguson KJ, Wardlaw JM, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Seckl JR: Smaller left anterior cingulate cortex volumes are associated with impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91: 1591-1594. 10.1210/jc.2005-2610.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deleon MJ, Mcrae T, Tsai JR, George AE, Marcus DL, Freedman M: Abnormal Cortisol Response in Alzheimer's-Disease Linked to Hippocampal Atrophy. Lancet. 1988, 2: 391-392. 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92855-3.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kudoh A, Takase H, Katagai H, Takazawa T: Postoperative interleukin-6 and cortisol concentrations in elderly patients with postoperative confusion. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005, 12: 60-66. 10.1159/000082365.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Keeffe ST, Devlin JG: Delirium and the Dexamethasone Suppression Test in the Elderly. Neuropsychobiology. 1994, 30: 153-156. 10.1159/000119154.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guazzo EP, Kirkpatrick PJ, Goodyer IM, Shiers HM, Herbert J: Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate in the cerebrospinal fluid of man: Relation to blood levels and the effects of age. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996, 81: 3951-3960. 10.1210/jc.81.11.3951.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Esposito P, Gheorghe D, Kandere K, Pang XZ, Connolly R, Jacobson S: Acute stress increases permeability of the blood-brain-barrier through activation of brain mast cells. Brain Research. 2001, 888: 117-127. 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03026-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Uhr M, Holsboer F, Muller MB: Penetration of endogenous steroid hormones corticosterone, cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone into the brain is enhanced in mice deficient for both mdr1a and mdr1b P-glycoproteins. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2002, 14: 753-759. 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00836.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandeep TC, Yau JLW, MacLullich AMJ, Noble J, Deary IJ, Walker BR: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition improves cognitive function in healthy elderly men and type 2 diabetics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004, 101: 6734-6739. 10.1073/pnas.0306996101.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koponen H, Leinonen E, Lepola U: A Longitudinal-Study of CSF Beta-Endorphin in Delirium. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993, 9: S127-
Google Scholar
Katsumata Y, Harigai M, Kawaguchi Y, Fukasawa C, Soejima M, Takagi K: Diagnostic reliability of cerebral spinal fluid tests for acute confusional state (delirium) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-alpha, IgG index, and Q-albumin. Journal of Rheumatology. 2007, 34: 2010-2017.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ramirez-Bermudez J, Ruiz-Chow A, Perez-Neri I, Soto-Hernandez JL, Flores-Hernandez R, Nente F: Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid is correlated to psychotic features in neurological patients with delirium. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2008, 30: 337-343. 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.01.007.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chuang D, Power SE, Dunbar PR, Hill AG: Central nervous system interleukin-8 production following neck of femur fracture. Anz Journal of Surgery. 2005, 75: 813-816. 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03530.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simon SE, Bergmann MA, Jones RN, Murphy KM, Orav EJ, Marcantonio ER: Reliability of a structured assessment for nonclinicians to detect delirium among new admissions to postacute care. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2006, 7: 412-415. 10.1016/j.jamda.2006.02.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inouye SK, Vandyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI: Clarifying Confusion - the Confusion Assessment Method - A New Method for Detection of Delirium. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990, 113: 941-948.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murakami K, Nakagawa T, Shozu M, Uchide K, Koike K, Inoue M: Changes with aging of steroidal levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of women. Maturitas. 1999, 33: 71-80. 10.1016/S0378-5122(99)00040-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Popp J, Schaper K, Kolsch H, Cvetanovska G, Rommel F, Klingmuller D: CSF cortisol in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging. 2009, 30: 498-500. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holub M, Beran O, Dzupova O, Hnykova J, Lacinova Z, Prihodova J: Cortisol levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with severity and bacterial origin of meningitis. Critical Care. 2007, 11: 10.1186/cc5729.
Google Scholar
Ray DC, Macduff A, Drummond GB, Wilkinson E, Adams B, Beckett GJ: Endocrine measurements in survivors and non-survivors from critical illness. Intensive Care Medicine. 2002, 28: 1301-1308. 10.1007/s00134-002-1427-y.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jorm AF: A Short-Form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) - Development and Cross-Validation. Psychological Medicine. 1994, 24: 145-153. 10.1017/S003329170002691X.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Horan MA: Aging, Injury and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Aging Clock. 1994, 719: 285-290.
CAS
Google Scholar