Daily versus intermittent iron supplementation in pregnant women

Iron requirements increase during pregnancy [1, 2]. And this requirement may lead to anemia in pregnant women [3, 4]. Lower hemoglobin cut off is 11.0 g/dL in the first and last trimester and 10.5 g/dL in the second trimester. Therefore, any level below 10.5 g/dL should be considered as anemia [5]. Iron consumption for pregnant women is undesirable, because of the side effects. The probable cause is the effect of oxidative stress of high doses of Iron, which leads to gastrointestinal intolerance [3]. As gut mucosal turnover rates is about three days, administering iron during these days may lead to lower iron absorption. Periodic iron supplementation may let the mucosa to heal and gets better iron absorption [6–8]. Previous studies reported, continuous administration of oral iron impairs the absorption of a subsequent iron dose [9]. A few experimental studies demonstrated that alternative efficacious iron supplementation regimens might reduce the undesirable side-effects [10]. Significant equality and reduced side effects have been reported in several epidemiological studies in comparing the weekly prescription of iron with daily supplementation [3–7]. In the other studies, there was not found difference between daily and twice-weekly iron supplementation regimens in preventing iron deficiency anemia in children, non-pregnant women, and pregnant women in their early trimesters [12–14]. And in another study, intermittent regimen was shown to be superior to daily regimen [3–15]. In human beings, gut mucosal turnover occurs every 3 days. Thus, weekly rather than daily administration of iron has been proposed as a safe, beneficent, and cost-effective method to prevent and alleviate anemia in pregnant women [12–17]. As mentioned above there are different study which studied effect of iron separately in daily use and weekly and three times. Thus authors aimed to compare the effects of daily, three times a week, and weekly iron supplementation regimens on hematological markers in pregnant women without anemia.

The present study was a prospective simply randomized clinical trial conducted during January 2006-January 2008 in six health centers affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences northern Iran. The centers were selected through a cluster randomization out of the 40 centers affiliated to the University. Serum hemoglobin (Hycel cell counter, France), serum ferritin (radioimmunoassay technique, Genesis factory, USA), and serum iron (Pars azmoon, Iran) levels were measured for all pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinics in their 14th week of gestation. Women with hemoglobin levels less than 11 g/dL, chronic hematological disorders (thalassemia, etc.), and multiple pregnancies were excluded from the study.

Hundred fifty pregnant women without exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study in their 16 th week of gestation. A written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. The Ethics Committee of the University approved the study protocol. The women were divided to three equal groups. All the groups were matched in terms of age, numbers of pregnant, income, and education. The first group (n = 50) received a 50 mg-ferrous sulfate tablet (Darou Pakhsh, Iran) daily, the second group (n = 50) received a 50 mg-ferrous sulfate tablet three times a week, and the third group (n = 50) received two 50 mg-ferrous sulfate tablets (100 mg) weekly, respectively.

Iron supplementation was prescribed in 16th week of gestation and was continued according to the mentioned regimens for 12 weeks (until 28th weeks of gestation). Serum hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum iron levels were measured for all the participants at the end of the trial period. And patients who were diagnosed as having anemia were treated according to the standard protocol.

Totally 150 participate, enrolled in the study, among total sample eight women were excluded because of abortion, premature labor, and immigration. Therefore the study continued with 50 pregnant women in daily regimen, 43 in three-time a week regimen, and 49 in weekly regimen groups. There were not reported any side effects related to iron consumption such as nausea, vomiting, and bowel disturbances.

The mean serum iron level before and after supplementation with iron in the three groups was

not statistically significant (P = 0.962, P = 0.970, respectively, (Table 2) Although the mean serum ferritin level before and after supplementation with iron was statistically significant in the three groups, no significant differences were found comparing the three groups (P = 0.827, P = 0.635 respectively, (Table 2).

In the current study, Authors found daily, three times a week, and weekly iron supplementation regimens were comparably effective in pregnant women without anemia. Serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels decreased after 12 weeks of supplementation. Serum ferritin decreased after supplementation with all three regimens. Because of more iron need during that period. However such decrease was not statistically significant.

Mukhopadhyay and colleagues compared daily consumption of 100 mg elemental iron (n = 55) with weekly consumption of 200 mg elemental iron (n = 56) in India. They found no significant difference in serum hemoglobin levels after 17 weeks of supplementation between their two groups [3]. In another study in Indonesia, Muslimatun and colleagues compared the effects of daily prescription of 60 mg elemental iron (n = 123) with weekly prescription of 120 mg elemental iron (n = 122) in preventing iron deficiency anemia. No significant difference was observed between the groups and the authors concluded that weekly supplementation of iron was as effective as daily supplementation in preventing anemia in pregnant women [11]. In the study by Haidar in Ethiopia, weekly iron supplementation was as effective as daily regimen in preventing anemia in breast feeding women [19]. In another study in Mexico by Casanueva and co-workers to compare the daily prescription of 60 mg elemental iron (n = 56) with weekly prescription of 120 mg elemental iron, both regimens were equally effective in preventing anemia in pregnancy. Our findings are in line with these studies [16]. In similar studies by Young and others in rural areas of Malawi and by Galloway and colleagues, 60 mg daily regimens were as effective as 120 mg weekly regimens for preventing anemia [18–20]. And similar to our study, serum hemoglobin levels were not different after 8 weeks of treatment.

In a randomized clinical trial in 2001, Goonewarden and co-workers compared the effects of daily (n = 31), three times a week (n = 35), and weekly (n = 26) prescription of 100 mg elemental iron. They measured serum hemoglobin, hematocrit, and ferritin before and after the intervention and stated that the risk of development of iron deficiency anemia was significantly higher in three times a week and weekly supplementation of iron compared with daily regimen [21]. These findings contrast with our results. The reason may be the smaller sample size, and differences in race and nutritional habits of the participants in Goonewarden's study. Mumtaz and others showed in a clinical trial that daily iron supplementation was more effective than weekly supplementation in Pakistani pregnant women. They randomly assigned 191 pregnant women with anemia (Hgb<11 g/dl) to two groups. One group received 200 mg elemental iron daily and the other group received 400 mg elemental iron twice a week. Serum hemoglobin increased significantly in women receiving daily iron supplementation. Moreover, serum ferritin was elevated only in the daily regimen [15]. The variation observed in this study can be attributed to the fact that Mumtaz and colleagues studied women who already had anemia before pregnancy. Additionally, racial, geographical, and nutritional factors could be responsible for the differences observed.

Our study demonstrated all of three regimens of iron supplementation; daily, three times a week and weekly are effective for prevention of anemia during pregnancy in pregnant women without anemia. Therefore, results suggested health care providers adapt weekly regimens because of the better patients' compliance. This finding can partly be explained by the expansion of plasma volume and increased need to Iron by the fetus, which usually occur in the second trimester of pregnancy. Although iron supplementation by all three regimens could not change the level to normal, it could prevent further iron deficiency anemia.