Trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures are common fragility fractures in the elderly. While the incidence of proximal femoral fractures is increasing because of demographic transitions[6] in Germany and worldwide[1, 3, 4], an increase in trochanteric and subtrochanteric fracture incidence can also be predicted. Today, proximal femoral fractures, as typical fragility fractures, are of great socio-economic importance[25].
With its distribution by sex, age, and ASA score (Table 1), our patient collective was typical of fragility fractures of the proximal femur. Studies have shown high polymorbidity in this patient base, with a roughly 50% disposition to ASA classification 3 or 4[21, 26]. The division in this study of different trochanteric and subtrochanteric fracture types also approximately conformed to other studies[27, 28]. Thus, our results are comparable to other publications.
To date, the optimal choice for the stabilisation of trochanteric fractures remains controversial because there is still a lack of evidence for the use of intramedullary devices, instead of extramedullary devices[9].
Only for A3 fractures of the proximal femur there is evidence that these fractures are best treated with intramedullary devices. The sliding hip screw is sometimes still preferred for osteosynthesis of A2 fractures[18].
In our department, we have standardised the use of intramedullary devices for the treatment of trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. We only implant sliding hip screws for non-displaced femoral neck fractures.
To date, there have been few data available on the use of the Gamma3™ nail in geriatric trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures in particular. Yaozeng et al. reported good results with the Gamma3™ nail[29], but most of the publications in this context have dealt with the first generation of Gamma™ nail or with other cephalomedullary devices[9]. Improvements of the Gamma3™ nail include a reduction of the diameter of the nail, a change to the valgus angle from 10º to 4º, changes in the design of the femoral neck screw, and the possibility of dynamisation[30].
The aim of this study was to report our experiences with the implantation of the Gamma3™ nail in a prospective, clinical trial. During the observation period, 90 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in our study.
It could be shown that Gamma3™ nailing was performed by residents in training under the supervision of consults in nearly half of our cases (Table 2). This finding is of great importance in the consideration of further medical education for young physicians, especially in a university hospital setting. One study recently showed that teaching hospitals are $6,000 more expensive in the United States in the operative management of hip fractures. In this context, the 6-month mortality was 1.4% lower than in non-teaching hospitals[31]. In consideration of the duration of surgery and the incidence of complications, such great differences in medical care by residents in training and by consultants appeared less likely in our patient collective (Table 2). The patient characteristics were similar between the patients who underwent surgery by residents and by consultants (Table 3). However, only 2 of 11 subtrochanteric fracture osteosynthesis procedures were performed by residents. This finding might be an indication of the complexity of this type of fracture. In contrast, in the study of Westacott et al., 50% of the surgeries were performed by residents in training[32]. In-hospital mortality (11%) and 1-year mortality (28%) in that study were not affected only by the qualifications of the surgeons. Unfortunately, analyses of further outcome parameters by surgeons were not provided by Westacott et al.[32].
In addition, mechanical failures occurred after surgery by residents in training, bing the great importance of good instruction and careful handling when using the Gamma 3 nail for trochanteric fractures (Table 4). The incidence in our own collective of mechanical failures of 3.3% was lower than the rate reported in actual literature[9–13]. We found 3 implant-related complications during follow-up. Cutting out, tract irritation, and periosteosynthetic fracture occurred only once each. All of these cases required additional surgery but were treated successfully (Figures 1,2 and3).
Cutting out is a familiar problem in the osteosynthesis of trochanteric femoral fractures. The meta-analysis of Audige et al. showed an incidence of cutting out in trochanteric fracture surgery of 3.4% with nailing and 1.9% with gliding hip screws[33]. Parker found similar results[9]. In randomised trial, Stern et al. found no difference concerning the cutting out rate when comparing screws to helical blades on either DHS or intramedullary nail[34]. Overall, they found a cutting out rate of 2.2%. Because the tip-apex distance < 25 mm, and the “centre-centre” position of the screw/blade was shown to be advantageous, Stern et al. found 16% of cases with an tip-apex distance > 25 mm and a “centre-centre” position in only 80% of cases[35]. This finding might explain the cutting out rate. We did not perform radiographic examinations in our study, but we found incorrect placement of the femoral neck screw in the only patient with cutting out in the patient sample examined. In the affected patient, the nail was removed, and a hip arthroplasty was performed with a good result.
Another common complication after surgery for trochanteric fractures is iliotibial tract irritation[36]. Only 1 iliotibial tract irritation was seen in our patient sample that required surgery. The femoral neck screw was replaced successfully without any problems.
A periosteosynthetic fracture occurred after the osteosynthesis of 1 of the subtrochanteric fractures and was managed with plate osteosynthesis. According to the authors’ opinion, in the area at the end of the nail, the stress of the femoral shaft was too great. Use of longer nails that extend to the femoral condyle in subtrochanteric fractures could be a solution to this problem.
According to our results, in recent studies, the incidences of perioperative and postoperative femoral fractures after osteosynthesis of trochanteric fractures have decreased, in comparison to older studies. It can be assumed that previous concerns about increased femoral shaft fracture risks with Gamma™ nails have been resolved, with improved implant design and improved learning curves[37].
Our incidence of haematomas seemed to be high (Table 2), but it did not exceed the range in other clinical findings. Wound complications of up to 10% have been described[38]. Only 1 of the haematomas in our collective (1.1%) required surgery and was cured in a single step. Our incidence of deep wound infections was consistent with the literature[9]. In the 1 case of deep wound infection, several surgical revisions were necessary. Unfortunately, the patient died of heart failure during 1 of the revisions. Interestingly, 4 of 5 soft tissue complications appeared after surgery by consultants (Table 4), although 3 of these 4 were stable A1 trochanteric fractures. An explanation for 3 of the 4 postoperative haematomas might have been iatrogenic or idiopathic coagulation disorders.
Fortunately, neither intraoperative complications nor non-unions were recorded. The latter finding can probably be explained by the correct repositioning of the fractures. However, perhaps some non-unions were not detected because X-rays were only performed during follow-up in cases of pain during weight-bearing.
Hospital mortality was 4%, and 1-year mortality was 22% in this study. These rates are low in comparison to recent studies. For example, Barton found a 30-day mortality of 21% and a 1-year mortality of 32% in patients with similar characteristics[39]. The meta-analysis of Liu showed a mortality of 22%[40]. However, in Liu’s analysis, only 2 out of 7 studies had a 1-year follow up. The other 5 studies only had a follow-up period of 6 months or less. In addition, some of the analysed patients were younger than our patients.
Thus, the mortality of our patients was more than double the age-specific mortality rate in Germany. Therefore, the actual mortality rate between 80 and 84 years of age is approximately 5.9% for women and 8.5% for men[41].
The Barthel Index and IADL measurements are internationally accepted assessments for functional physical outcomes in geriatric patients. The Barthel Index was also identified as a strong predictive factor for long-term outcomes after hip fractures[42].
Long-term disability associated with hip fractures has been described in many studies[43]. As expected, the functional status at hospital release tends to decrease. It could be shown that patients improve during follow-up. Certainly, these pretraumatic IADL and Barthel Index values were not reached, as in other studies (Figures 4 and5)[44].
The Barthel Index fell slightly between the 6- and 12-month follow-ups (Figure 4). According to this finding, even with a 2-year follow-up period, excessive disability, attributable to initial hip fracture, was observed by Magaziner[45]. Overall, the values in our patient collective exceeded the findings of other studies. Kammerlander found a Barthel Index of 49.6 in long-term functional outcomes after hip fractures. However, the patients in that study were older, and the follow-up period was longer (4.9 years)[46]. Thus, over time, further follow-up is planned to obtain more information about the long-term status of the patients.
The EQ-5-D levels were higher at different times of assessment than the levels reported by Ekström et al., although that study only included patients with stable trochanteric fractures. Consequently, the pretraumatic EQ-5D was 0.69, with a value of 0.59 at 12-month follow-up[47]. Concerning femoral neck fractures, a lower quality of life could be shown for displaced, rather than undisplaced, fractures[48]. On the one hand, it can be shown that the EQ-5D values differ between different countries, with higher values for German patients[23]. On the other hand, the trends over the period examined were nearly the same. In this context, it might be interesting to perform more follow-ups later, because Ekström et al. observed an increase of up to 0.66 after 24 months. Interestingly, the Barthel Index fell between the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, while the EQ-5-D Index increased from 0.58 to 0.66 (Figures 4 and6). It could be that patients become increasingly accustomed to their functional status over time. Furthermore, König et al. showed that even nearly 70% of average citizens aged between 80 and 84 years old report moderate or extreme problems in 1 of the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5-D. Unfortunately, the EQ-5-D indices were not calculated in this article. However, all in all, this finding indicates that health-related quality of life is restricted, even in the normal ageing population, bing the good long-term results of this study.
Mortality, decline in function, and poor quality of life could be attributed in large part to pre-existing conditions. Table 3 shows the characteristics of the different patient groups. Patient who were operated on by consultants were younger and in patients who died within 12 months the average ASA score was higher in in comparison to the survivors. There were no further statistical differences (Table 3). However, some trends indicate that patients who suffer complications are older, are more diseased, and have worse pretraumatic functional statuses. With more patients, including with other types of hip fractures, the predictive value of these parameters could be analysed in detail.
One of the limitations of this study is the retrospective assessment of the Barthel Index, IADL, and EQ-5-D for pre-existing conditions, which allows for bias. Unfortunately, some patients were too senile to provide all of their information. Last but not least, we did not perform a comparison of 2 implants or of surgical procedures, which is why a definitive recommendation of the Gamma 3™ nail cannot be provided based on this study.
In summary, we successfully illustrated an actual medical care situation concerning the treatment of geriatric trochanteric fractures in our department.