Cloud-based solution to identify statistically significant MS peaks differentiating sample categories

The web portal is built on Apache (http://www.apache.org/). PHP (http://www.php.net/) is used to build the simple front end, while Perl (http://www.perl.org/) and R (http://www.r-project.org/) are used to implement the web service functionalities. The design schematic drawing is illustrated in Figure 1A. Typical web services use Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) or Representational State Transfer (REST). Our web service is simplified with Common Gateway Interface (CGI) implementation. The algorithms were wrapped into web service with CGI application so that the algorithms can be invoked by any platform following the standard of the interface. By design, our computing algorithms can easily be updated without changing the web services interfaces. The algorithms and their black-box web services can be integrated by third party web building scripts.

With large mass spectrometry data, any online MS analytical tool requires multiple files to be uploaded in parallel to be a practical solution. Also the MS data could be very large which is very hard to upload via http protocol. To handle these problems, the Uploadify module (http://www.uploadify.com/) was integrated to allow large MS raw data to be uploaded efficiently. Uploadify is a jQuery(http://www.jquery.com/) plugin which supports multiple file upload functionality to the website. It has HTML5 and Flash versions, which support all common used web browsers well. Using R and perl, the algorithm functionalities are developed as web services for web-based applications. SSA-based peak finding, alignment and indexing method was effectively integrated with FDR analysis for differential feature discovery. The analysis results are summarized as graphs, excel tables, and text files, that can readily be downloaded from the server as a zipped package.

To demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the web portal, an MS data set with 135 megabytes of data, available online for download, is included as a demonstration example. The data include 202 spectra, each of which is recorded in a comma-separated file, and one metadata file describing the spectra data. The data file analysis was performed on a laptop with 4 gigabyte memory and Intel Core i5-2467M 1.6GHz CPU. It requires only 21 seconds to upload all files in the MS data set. An additional 40 seconds was required to complete the subsequent calculation as well as the report with graphs and tables.

The web site mainly includes two applications: (i) common peak discovery across spectra using SSA; (ii) differential analysis of indexed peaks and FDR correction. Detailed instructions can be found on the web site. The applications can be applied to high-throughput MS data analysis with large sample sizes. The flowchart of the application is shown in Figure 1B. Both the spectra and the metadata are uploaded as MS raw data. After data upload, the MS data are processed with SSA for peak detection.

SSA can discover MS peaks across MS data sets. At first, SSA maps spectra onto a uniform m/z axis using linear interpolation. Then, a composite spectrum is generated in a two-step process by averaging the average spectrum of each group (in order to give equal weight to each group). To detect the peak location, an area under the curve (AUC) filter is applied to the composite spectrum. Each local maximum in an AUC-filtered composite spectrum is recorded as a peak location, and the peak edges are located as well. Then, the AUC filter is applied to each spectrum to find and quantify the peaks, using the peak edges determined previously. To remove the noisy peaks (peaks that are poorly reproducible between replicates), an F-test is applied on peak signal content, with a confidence threshold of 95-99%. The threshold can be adjusted to 80-90% for large-scale protein profiling. The detected peaks are normalized with expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm [6] to determine the scale factors for peak normalization. A chi-squared(χ²) statistic is calculated for each spectrum to discard the bad spectra. There are several parameters with default values for fine-tuning SSA results: the min.peak.widths, max.peak.widths, peakWidthSteps, m.z.regions, m.z.step are used to control the locating of peaks, while the F.test.threshold and chi.sq.threshold are used to remove the noisy peaks and spectra with poor quality, respectively. Tutorials of the parameters can be found online at the web site. SSA-discovered MS peaks are shown in Figure 2A where the red dots on the composite graph indicate the peaks.

The resulting peak list is then subjected to differential test analysis with t or U test that assigns p-values to each MS peak comparing the groups. Multiple hypotheses testing of features (protein MS peaks) is addressed by the subsequent FDR analysis. The total discoveries count features with Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test p-value lower than a predefined threshold. Thresholds of single feature test p-value can be surveyed comprehensively to reveal total or false discoveries to calculate gFDR. To rank the MS peaks, the lFDR assigns significance measures to each feature. The analysis results are summarized in graph (gFDR, Figure 2B) and table (lFDR, Figure 2C) forms. The users can get FDR at different levels by manipulating the downloadable excel files.

Our MS analysis portal is mainly designed for experimental biologists to process MS data sets and compare protein abundance to discover biomarkers. The analysis begins with a raw data upload and ends with a set of data sheets and graphs for easy data presentation and visualization. With all the functions provided by the Stanford University’s computing cloud, no informatics knowledge is required for the end users and all the analysis results, including graphs, Excel and text files can be downloaded from the web site. The website works best when the uploaded spectra represent the entire sample (e.g. unfractionated plasma, serum, CSF). For fractionated samples, the downloaded results files for each fraction can be compiled into a single file representing all the results and submitted to the FDR website. With the computational capacity guaranteed by cloud-based computing, the end users can access the server, and get the computing results rapidly and accurately. This cloud algorithm integration should be of general interest to those working in the field of high-throughput proteomics-based biomarker discovery.

The website can be accessed using any major browsers as follows: Webserver: http://transmed.stanford.edu/ssa/Sample MS data: http://transmed.stanford.edu/ssa/sample.data/3277_pH.12_CM10_1170005079_F_3400.0.csvSampe meta data: http://transmed.stanford.edu/ssa/sample.data/metadata.txt Site help: http://transmed.stanford.edu/ssa/ssa_analysis.ppt