Myopericarditis complicated by pulmonary embolism in an immunocompetent patient with acute cytomegalovirus infection: a case report

Abstract

Background

Primary acute cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent patients is common worldwide. Infection is most often asymptomatic or occurs sub-clinically with a self-limited mononucleosis-like syndrome. More rarely, the infection may lead to severe organ complications with pneumonia, myocarditis, pericarditis, colitis and hemolytic anemia. Recent cases of cytomegalovirus-associated thrombosis have also been reported sporadically in the medical literature.

Case presentation

We report here a case of simultaneous myopericarditis and pulmonary embolism in a 30-year-old man with no medical history. The patient was not immunocompromised. We discuss the possible role of acute cytomegalovirus infection in the induction of vascular damage and review relevant cases in the literature.

Conclusion

Thrombosis in patients with acute cytomegalovirus infection may be more frequent than is generally thought. Physicians need to be aware of the possible association between acute cytomegalovirus and thrombosis in immunocompetent patients, especially in the presence of severe systemic infection, as our case illustrates.

Background

Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common worldwide. The infection usually occurs early in life and then lies dormant. The resulting seroprevalence among adults varies from 40 to 100% depending on the country, socioeconomic conditions and patient age [1–3].

In immunocompetent patients, primary infection is usually asymptomatic or occurs subclinically with a self limited mononucleosis-like syndrome. Prolonged fever, myalgia, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, rash and nonspecific constitutional symptoms are common and may persist for weeks [4]. Very occasionally, CMV can cause tissue-invasive end-organ damage and complications including pneumonia [5], myocarditis [6], hemolytic anemia [7], retinitis [8], colitis [9] and hepatitis [10]. Central nervous system involvement with meningitis, encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome may also be observed albeit rarely [11, 12].

More recently, primary CMV infection has been associated with venous thrombosis. To date, the medical literature counts close to 100 articles on this association, mainly in case reports and additionally in several small series of patients [13]. Thrombosis has been historically considered as an extremely rare complication of acute CMV infection. However, two recent studies found incidences ranging from 6.4% and 7.9%, suggesting that thrombosis in patients with acute CMV infection may be more common than previously thought [14, 15].

We describe here a severe acute CMV infection with myopericarditis and pulmonary embolism. We also review relevant cases in the literature to alert physicians on the possibility of thrombotic events in CMV-infected immunocompetent individuals. We also discuss mechanisms that may explain the role of CMV in thrombosis.

Case presentation

A 30-year-old caucasian man was admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit on 27 February 2010 for a two-day history of left precordial chest pain. The patient had no particular medical history other than an episode of viral gastroenteritis that resolved favorably three weeks before his hospitalization. His temperature was 38°C (100.4°F), heart rate 86 beats per minute (BPM), and blood pressure 122/86 mmHg at admission. He described typical pericarditis symptoms with substernal and precordial chest pain relieved by sitting up and bending forward and worsened by lying down and breathing in. There was no radiating pain and physical examination was normal without friction rub. Other symptoms included fatigue and anxiety. White blood cells (WBC) count was 10,250 cells/mm3 with 7,240 neutrophils/mm3 and 1,410 lymphocytes/mm3, hemoglobin was 153.0 g/L with a platelet count of 167,000/mm3. His C-reactive protein level was 33 mg/L (normal < 3 mg/l). Cardiac enzyme tests showed a highly elevated level of troponin Ic at 3.51 μg/L. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was at 50 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 202 U/L and creatine kinase (CK) at 2,275 U/L. The electrocardiogram showed a 12-lead diffuse, concave ST segment elevation without low-voltage QRS complexes. Transthoracic echocardiography found a normal left ventricular volume with no kinetic disorder or pericardial effusion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed myopericarditis with a hyper-intense signal on the MRI late gadolinium enhancement (Figure 1). The chest pain regressed rapidly, the troponin Ic level decreased and the patient was discharged to home four days later with a medical treatment comprising a combination of colchicine 1 mg per day and acetylsalicylic acid 3 g per day for one month.

Figure 1

Typical magnetic resonance imaging image of myocarditis. This figure shows a magnetic resonance imaging four chamber cardiac view. Mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement of the lateral wall is visible (arrows). This is a common MRI aspect of myocarditis.

Three days later, the patient remained febrile (40°C) and presented with a painful right chest with dyspnea. He was readmitted to the cardiac intensive care unit. His temperature was 37.4°C (99.32°F), his heart rate 74 BPM and blood pressure 134/78 mmHg. WBC count was 14,190 cells/mm3, with 3,830 neutrophils/mm3 and 8,370 lymphocytes/mm3 with 2% of the lymphocytes presenting a large hyperbasophilic form. The C-reactive protein level was 100 mg/L. Cardiac enzymes tests showed a normalization of troponin Ic < 0.01 μg/L and CK level of 58 U/L but liver function tests revealed an ALT level of 299 U/L and an AST level of 133 U/L. The electrocardiogram showed the disappearance of ST segment elevation without PR segment depression and the echocardiography was unchanged. Bloody sputum suggested a pulmonary embolism. Chest x-ray showed no opacity on the pulmonary field and the diagnosis was confirmed with a computed tomography (CT) scan showing a bilateral pulmonary embolism of moderate severity with signs of pulmonary infarction. Treatment with intravenous heparin was initiated. Because of the mononucleosis-like biological syndrome, hepatitis virus serology was performed. The results of serological tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hepatitis A virus IgM, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus and toxoplasma IgM antibodies were all negative. For CMV however, ELISA tests were strongly positive for IgM and equivocal for IgG on the first tests performed 7 days after hospital admission. Also at Day 7, quantitative CMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive with 2050 CMV DNA copies/mL (ARGENE CMV R-gene™, Biomerieux, France). Of note: CMV PP65 antigen was negative at Day 14. The evolution of the CMV tests is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Evolution of cytomegalovirus tests

The fever disappeared 5 days after the second admission with no anti-CMV therapy. The patient presented no further chest pain. He felt very tired for two months. Hepatitis was at its maximum 10 days after the second admission but liver tests returned to normal after one month. Heparin was replaced by six months of fluindione. The coagulation work-up included prothrombin time and tests for activated protein C resistance, antithrombin activity, and proteins C and S, as well as an assay for anticardiolipin and anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies. All results were normal.

Discussion

Acute CMV infection in immunocompetent patients is common worldwide but symptoms remain subclinical most of the time. Rarely, patients may develop a severe infection that manifests with multiple organ involvement and marked constitutional symptoms. Serious CMV infection is more well-known and more frequently described in immunocompromised patients, including in particular transplantation recipients and people with untreated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), where CMV disease is a common cause of death. We describe here an immunocompetent patient with pulmonary embolism and myopericarditis, two rare and severe CMV infection complications.

Pericarditis and myocarditis in immunocompetent patients with acute CMV have been described for years now in the literature [16–18]. CMV has a wide tissue tropism and is able to infect multiple organs including the heart. However, clinically significant cardiac disease is rarely reported overall, although we note an increase of such case-reports in the literature in recent years [19–23] and think that the association may be under-diagnosed currently.

Monitoring of serum antibody levels, which provides a picture of viral pericarditis, is often not performed despite the recommendation to do so in European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on pericardial diseases [24]. Indeed, an association between CMV and myocarditis was described in a study of more than 1100 patients with active and borderline myocarditis [25]. In that study, PCR of heart samples revealed CMV DNA in 3% of the patients. In another population-based study of immunocompetent patients with fatal myocarditis, CMV DNA was the most common single finding: viral genome was detected by PCR in the cardiac samples of 15 patients (38%), and in 67% of the patients for whom PCR was CMV-positive, in situ hybridization revealed viral DNA in cardiomyocytes [6]. We believe that the development or the aggravation of an acute hepatitis after an obvious clinical improvement of myocarditis and a decrease in cardiac necrosis markers, as noted in several reports, could be suggestive of an acute CMV infection [19, 22].

Also, chest pain and heart failure are not obligatory clinical features of myopericarditis. In a series of 115 hospitalized immunocompetent patients with diagnosis of primary CMV infection, the authors found two cases of pericarditis for which the diagnosis was established as a fortuitous finding on routine electrocardiograms in patients without chest pain [26]. Another case report presented an immunocompetent patient with no signs or symptoms of cardiac inflammation. Myocarditis was incidentally diagnosed on trans-thoracic echocardiography, which was undertaken to search for an infectious endocarditis in the setting of a prolonged fever [21].

In recent case-reports, the diagnosis of myocarditis was aided by the presence of clinical signs of pericarditis and cardiac investigations including myocardial necrosis markers and echocardiography [19, 22, 23]. In our case, the suspicion of heart involvement led us to perform an MRI that confirmed the diagnosis of myopericarditis. The diagnosis of acute CMV infection was confirmed by antibodies in the plasma and the evolution of CMV viral load. Of interest: CMV PP65 antigenemia was negative for our patient. This may be explained by a lesser sensitivity for CMV antigenemia compared to CMV PCR assay, as has been described in the literature, albeit generally in the setting of solid organ or bone marrow transplant patients [27, 28]. It may also be explained by the fact that antigenemia was performed only once at Day14; thus it is possible that antigenemia was not yet positive or had already disappeared.

The association of CMV infection and vascular thrombosis was first described in immunocompromised patients, especially in AIDS cases or after transplantation [29–31]. In immunocompetent patients, CMV infection was first described as a risk for coronary thrombotic events after stent placement [32, 33]. CMV-associated thrombosis was later reported sporadically in immunocompetent adults with no medical history only in case reports or in small series [13]. However, in two recent studies, the incidence of thrombosis among patients with acute CMV infection was reported to range from 6.4 to 7.9%, suggesting that it may not be so rare after all [15, 34]. In a prospective study comparing 187 hospitalized patients with deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism to 187 controls without thrombosis, the incidence of acute CMV infection was 9.1% for the former compared to 1.6% for the latter (odds ratio = 6.12; p = 0.016) [35]. In another recent case–control study on 397 consecutive patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis, five were positive for CMV DNA whereas none were in the control group [36]. In that study, all five of the CMV-positive patients were women, below 37 years of age, with another acquired risk for venous thrombosis.

Several hypotheses have been forwarded for the role of CMV in inducing vascular damage. Squizzato et al. performed a literature review focused on the effects of CMV infection on coagulation [37]. CMV probably plays a different role in inducing arterial or venous thrombosis. CMV may induce transient antiphospholipid antibody production [38] and certain strains may also express constitutively phosphatidylserine (PS)-like procoagulant activity. Sutherland et al. demonstrated that tissue factor (TF) antigen, a coagulation initiator, could be identified on CMV using monoclonal antibodies with flow cytometry and electron microscopy [39]. However these properties were not unique for CMV; they were also pertinent for other herpes viruses. Moreover, CMV causes membrane perturbation when it infects endothelial cells and activates a pro-coagulation state. Von Willebrand factor (vWf) has been shown to be released during CMV infection [40], and, among 39 patients with recent kidney transplantation and acute CMV infection, increased vWf and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) in the peripheral blood were correlated with viral infection [41].

Regarding the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration are crucial events. It has been suggested that one of the immediate early gene products of CMV, IE84, binds to and inhibits P53 transcriptional activity, thus inhibiting P53-mediated apoptosis, which in turn permits smooth muscle cell proliferation [42, 43]. Moreover, CMV infection increases PDGF b-receptor expression, which modulates smooth muscle cell migration [44]. Also, CMV infection may contribute to vascular effects in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation by increasing levels of several cytokines with inflammatory properties [45]. Especially, a modest increase in interleukin (IL) 6 is observed in infected endothelial cells [46]. CMV infection of endothelial cells also increases the expression of CD40 [47], a protein present on atheroma-associated cells and possibly involved in a number of processes responsible for lesion progression and plaque destabilization [48].

Our case-report underlines the interest of CMV serology in the presence of viral myopericarditis. This complication is infrequently reported in the literature but needs to be kept in mind as it may lead to disproportionate aggression to the myocardium and clinical heart failure. Our experience also illustrates the interest of MRI in the diagnosis of myocarditis. Furthermore, the complication may indicate a serious acute CMV infection capable of provoking other serious complications such as vascular thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Conclusion

In conclusion, to our knowledge, the present case is the first to report acute CMV myopericarditis appearing with a thrombotic pulmonary embolism. Physicians must keep this association between severe CMV infection and vascular thrombosis in mind to better implement preventative measures.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case Report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.