Skip to main content
Download PDF

ClonorESTdb: a comprehensive database for Clonorchis sinensis EST sequences

BMC Research Notes volume 7, Article number: 388 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Clonorchiasis, which is primarily caused by liver fluke (Platyhelminthes), is a fatal infectious disease that is mainly associated with bile duct malignancy and the subsequent development of cholangiocarcinoma. Thus, a genomic approach now represents an important step to further our knowledge of biology and the pathology of these parasites. The results of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) sequencing need to be well organized into databases to provide an integrated set of tools and functional information.

Findings

Here, the ClonorESTdb database represents a collection of Clonorchis sinensis ESTs that is intended as a resource for parasite functional genomics. A total of 55,736 successful EST sequences, which are cleaned and clustered into non-redundant 13,305 C. sinensis assembled EST sequences (6,497 clusters and 6,808 singletons), were obtained from three in-house prepared cDNA libraries of C. sinensis at different developmental stages. The assembled consensus sequences were annotated using the BLAST algorithm or/and hmm against NCBI NR, UniProt, KEGG and InterProScan. The ClonorESTdb database provides functional annotation, their expression profiles, tandem repeats and putative single nucleotide polymorphisms with utility tools such as local BLAST search and text retrieval.

Conclusions

This resource enables the researcher to identify and compare expression signatures under different biological stages and promotes ongoing parasite drug and vaccine development and biological research.

Database URL: http://pathod.cdc.go.kr/clonorestdb/

Findings

Clonorchis sinensis is the human liver fluke of the class Trematoda (phylum Platyhelminthes: Digenea). The human host is infected by consuming raw and inadequately cooked freshwater fish with C. sinensis metacercariae. Clonorchiasis is a common infectious disease in many eastern Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan and Vietnam. It is estimated that Clonorchiasis affects approximately 35 million people worldwide [1] and more than 600 million people are at risk of infection in East Asia and Eastern Europe [2].

Metacercariae of C. sinensis exist in the small intestine and the juvenile worms migrate up through the Ampulla of Vater and the common bile duct [3]. The livers of patients with clonorchiasis appear almost normal in cases of light infections, but slightly dilated and thickened peripheral bile ducts are present in cases of heavy infections. Patients with clonorchiasis persistently suffer from fatigue, jaundice, abdominal distress and indigestion [4]. Chronic infection can cause several hepatobiliary disease manifestations, such as cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hepatomegaly and fibrosis of the periportal tract [5–7]. Although C. sinensis is officially recognized as a biological human group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) [8], the molecular and cellular biology of C. sinensis has been significantly underexplored due to the lack of genomic database resources from well-isolated full-length cDNAs.

The advent of next-generation sequencing machines that involve GS 454 [9], Solexa [10] and SOLiD [11] are revolutionizing molecular biology by generating hundreds of thousands of sequencing reads in parallel. The genome and transcriptome sequences of a growing number of model organisms have been published in recent years, which have drawn new insights into parasite research [12, 13]. However, the de novo large-scale sequencing of a non-model parasite is still a laborious task and an interesting challenge. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are a cost effective alternative and a powerful tool that provides sufficient information about functional proteins. In particular, the ESTs from a full-length cDNA library allow researchers to be cloned and provide material sources so that many intriguing biological issues can be isolated.

The aim of this study is to provide important database resources for the characterization and understanding of the functional genes of C. sinensis. Here, we have constructed and described ClonorESTdb, a web-based ESTs database resource that involves systematic functional annotation, which comprises more than 55,736 high-quality ESTs based on three full-length enriched cDNA libraries. The ESTs obtained were assembled into 13,305 C. sinensis Assembled EST sequences (CsAEs) comprising 6,497 clusters and 6,808 singletons by aligning CsAEs onto the non-redundant public NCBI NR database, UniProt, KEGG, InterProScan and Gene Ontology (GO). The ClonorESTdb database described here provides key insights into the differential gene expression of C. sinensis in a range of developmentally relevant conditions.

Database architecture

The ClonorESTdb database runs on a RedHat Enterprise Linux 5.5 platform with the Apache web server version 2.2. We also used the relational Oracle database 11 g standard version to develop and support an integrated database schema for storing sequence data, preprocessed data and final functional annotation. The web application was implemented with JSP (Java Server Pages), JavaServelet technology and the AJAX framework. The web interfaces were designed using HTML language with some scripts in JavaScript and the pages utilized cascading style sheet (CSS) properties. The database is currently optimized to work best with Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 (optimal resolution 1024 × 800).

Data source

We constructed full-length cDNA libraries (adult, metacercaria and egg) from C. sinensis and generated large-scale 60,768 ESTs data by 5’-end sequencing of individual clones [14]. All of the raw and cleaned data can be downloaded from the ClonorESTdb database.

The pipeline for constructing the database

In our study, a total of 55,736 C. sinensis EST sequences that were derived from three cDNA libraries (adult, metacercaria and egg) were used to construct the database. To analyze the data, we developed a pipeline for the ClonorEST Project divided into three steps: sequence cleaning, sequence clustering and assembly, and automatic annotation.

Sequence cleaning

Cleaning is an important part of processing and is used to obtain high-quality EST datasets from raw EST sequences. After base calling was performed using Phred [15], the cleaning process implemented Cross_match (version 0.990329) for masking any vector and contaminant sequences, SeqClean (http://seqclean.sourceforge.net/) for eliminating undetermined bases, poly(A) tails and low complexity elements, RepeatMasker (http://www.repeatmasker.org/) for removing interspersed repeats, such as SINEs (short interspersed nuclear element), LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements), LTRs (long terminal repeat) and DNA elements included in the Repbase repetitive element library (http://www.girinst.org/) [16] (Figure 1A).

Figure 1
figure1

Workflow scheme of an EST analytic process. A. The cleaning step is composed of base calling (Phred), vector masking (cross_match), contaminant trimming (SeqClean) and repeat masking (RepeatMasker). B. The cleaned EST sequences are sent to the next step: clustering and assembling (TGICL). C. CsAEs sequences are aligned with various public databases for assigning their putative function and predicting structural variation (AutoSNP and TRF).

Full size image

Sequence clustering and assembly

The clustering procedure was a basic step that was used to collect overlapping CsAEs sequences that originated from the same transcript of a single gene; this is performed to reduce redundancy. The assembly procedure is executed to align and merge many overlapping EST sequences of a much longer DNA sequence to reconstruct a putative full-length transcript sequence. For clustering and assembling, we used TGICL to create a grouping EST sequences and CAP3 for assembling the clustered EST sequences [17, 18] (Figure 1B).

Automatic functional annotation

For more accuracy and further variety of functional annotation, we used various annotation algorithms and public databases. First, we assigned putative functions to the CsAEs based on BLASTN (Query Coverage ≥ 80.0%, Identity ≥ 70.0%, E-value ≤ 1.0e-5), BLASTX and TBLASTX (Match No. ≥ 30 aa, Identity ≥ 25.0%, E-value ≤ 1.0e-5) searches against the GenBank NT and NR databases (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/db/FASTA/). Second, metabolic pathways are extremely important for correctly inferring pathogen invasion, host defense, adaptation, pathogen life cycle and host-pathogen interactions. To get a rationale for the development of anti-parasitic drugs and vaccines, we must identify all parasite-specific metabolic pathways. To identify the pathways, additional annotations were created against the UniProtKB database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot) and the KEGG database (http://www.genome.jp) using BLASTX (Match No. ≥ 30 aa, Identity ≥ 25.0%, E-value ≤ 1.0e-5). All BLAST algorithms were implemented using a TimeLogic DeCypher system (Active Motif, Inc., http://www.activemotif.com). We also used the InterProScan tool to extract additional functional domains (E-value ≤ 1.0e-4). To gain a better classification of the biological function of the CsAEs, an analysis of the functions was conducted using GO terms according to three categories: molecular function, biological process and cellular component. We used Tandem Repeats Finder (TRF) and AutoSNP to detect structural variations [19, 20] (Figure 1C).

Utility and discussion

The aims of this database project included 1) the construction of an integrative database of the C. sinensis transcriptome, 2) the maintenance of a well-organized functional annotation and the identification and characterization of factors such as parasite specific antigen and 3) data-mining for tissue-specific expression to discover key pathways related to parasite proliferation that are essential to its maintenance. The database presented here and named ClonorESTdb consists of 55,736 EST entries from C. sinensis at three stages including adult, metacercaria and egg.

ClonorESTdb web interface

The ClonorESTdb provides a user-friendly interface with the seven following options in the main menu: (1) a detailed pre-processing report, (2) clustering and assembling report and viewer, (3) various functional annotation report and (4) download all of the raw data and the analyzed result. The data can be viewed at various degrees of detail, either as an overview (a list of search results) or as a detailed results page for a selected sequence and functional annotation.

Pre-processing and assembling report

After pre-processing, all of results are stored in a database for evaluation and reporting, according to four steps (base calling, vector trimming, contamination, trimming and repeat masking). The pre-processing shows a summary table of the pre-processing steps. The assembly report of ClonorESTdb provides a comprehensive summary of the status of contigs and singletons, such as sequencing status and clustering information. Furthermore, each sequence and each contig were assigned a detailed on-the-fly page where the ID of the nucleotide sequence can be clicked. In each contig page, the graphical display of the contigs and the contig alignment sequence information are provided. We also provide the module of a trace viewer that allows users to evaluate the result of the sequencing of raw data that was derived from the machine on the web (Figure 2A).

Figure 2
figure2

Snapshots of the ClonorESTdb web application. The panels show examples for various general functions. A. An example of a pre-processing report, which shows the cleaning sequences, assembly status, contig view and trace view. B. A statistics page showing an annotation result. C. A summary page showing various annotation results. D. A BLASTX annotation report page. E. A UniProt annotation report page. F. A GO annotation report page.

Full size image

Annotation report

For various functional annotation reporting, the online database of ClonorESTdb provides a comprehensive information system for analyzing data from the 55,736 EST sequencing project. An annotation report provides 12 categories of analysis information to allow users to easily monitor all of the analyzed EST datasets. The “statistics” page provides a numeric table of functional annotation and the annotated species distribution derived from all the algorithms (Figure 2B). On the “summary report” page, users can see all of the detailed annotation information regarding how the CsAEs were annotated in the system and the users can download entire annotation files as Excel files (Figure 2C). The annotation results against various databases contain clone and contig information, including the sequence, putative identification, annotation detailed information, a link to the nearest homologue in the public database, the length of the homologous sequence and the percentage identity of the nearest match. In addition, existing information for all CsAEs in an EST set can be retrieved using full-text matching (against read id, consensus id, gene name, gene accession number, functional description and E-value score) from the search tool (Figure 2D). In this section, ClonorESTdb provides access to the enzyme and pathway information in UniProt and KEGG linked to an external database. Users can mine the enzyme information from the annotated results of KEGG and UniProt databases that contained an EC number in the description (Figure 2E). Here, for the task of representing and processing information by domain analysis in the “InterPro” page, their products and their functions are presented in GO categories (Figure 2F). When working on one or more given individuals or species, the biologist may wish to search for markers in intra-specific polymorphisms or intra-specific polymorphisms. Thus, we also added single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and simple tandem repeats (STRs) data.

Conclusion

In summary, ClonorESTdb is the first incorporated online transcriptome database of C. sinensis that can be freely accessed and downloaded. Moreover, this database provides various utility functions for similarity searches, transcriptome statistic information and investigation of user-supplied genomics and transcriptome sequences. The increasing amounts of genomics data that are derived from the advent of high-throughput technology will further stimulate the integration of ClonorESTdb. Studies of this project are undoubtedly of notable interest to many biologists given the complex genetic, biochemical, physiological and evolutionary processes that remain at the heart of host-pathogen interactions. In addition, we will continue to collect known C. sinensis full-length cDNAs to update the database for public use. The annotated functional protein presented herein and our knowledge database will be useful for parasite researchers who wish to clone and confirm full-length C. sinensis cDNAs of interest.

Availability

The ClonorESTdb is open and freely available. All questions, comments and requests should be sent via email to todaewon@gmail.com.

  • Project name: ClonorESTdb.

  • Project home page:http://pathod.cdc.go.kr/clonorestdb/.

  • Operating system: Linux.

  • Programming languages: HTML, JSP, CSS3, JavaScript, AJAX, Oracle.

  • Other requirements: none.

  • License: None required.

References

  1. 1.

    Lun ZR, Gasser RB, Lai DH, Li AX, Zhu XQ, Yu XB, Fang YY: Clonorchiasis: a key foodborne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005, 5: 31-41.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Keiser J, Utzinger J: Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005, 11: 1507-1514.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Kaewkes S: Taxonomy and biology of liver flukes. Acta Trop. 2003, 88: 177-186.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Kim TI, Na BK, Hong SJ: Functional genes and proteins of Clonorchis sinensis. Korean J Parasitol. 2009, 47 (Suppl): S59-S68.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Sithithaworn P, Haswell-Elkins MR, Mairiang P, Satarug S, Mairiang E, Vatanasapt V, Elkins DB: Parasite-associated morbidity: liver fluke infection and bile duct cancer in northeast Thailand. Int J Parasitol. 1994, 24: 833-843.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Marcos LA, Terashima A, Gotuzzo E: Update on hepatobiliary flukes: fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008, 21: 523-530.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Lim JH: Radiologic findings of clonorchiasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990, 155: 1001-1008.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Freeman C, Galichet L, Cogliano V, WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group: A review of human carcinogens–Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. 2009, 10: 321-322.

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, Du L, Fierro JM, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer ML, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, et al: Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature. 2005, 437: 376-380.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, Swerdlow HP, Smith GP, Milton J, Brown CG, Hall KP, Evers DJ, Barnes CL, Bignell HR, Boutell JM, Bryant J, Carter RJ, Keira Cheetham R, Cox AJ, Ellis DJ, Flatbush MR, Gormley NA, Humphray SJ, Irving LJ, Karbelashvili MS, Kirk SM, Li H, Liu X, Maisinger KS, Murray LJ, Obradovic B, Ost T, Parkinson ML, Pratt MR, et al: Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry. Nature. 2008, 456: 53-59.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM: Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome. Science. 2005, 309: 1728-1732.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Berriman M, Haas BJ, LoVerde PT, Wilson RA, Dillon GP, Cerqueira GC, Mashiyama ST, Al-Lazikani B, Andrade LF, Ashton PD, Aslett MA, Bartholomeu DC, Blandin G, Caffrey CR, Coghlan A, Coulson R, Day TA, Delcher A, DeMarco R, Djikeng A, Eyre T, Gamble JA, Ghedin E, Gu Y, Hertz-Fowler C, Hirai H, Hirai Y, Houston R, Ivens A, Johnston DA: The genome of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Nature. 2009, 460: 352-358.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Zhou Y, Zheng H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang K, Guo J, Huang Z, Zhang B, Huang W, Jin K, Dou T, Hasegawa M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Tao L, Cao Z, Li Y, Vinar T, Brejova B, Brown D, Li M, Miller DJ, Blair D, Zhong Y, Chen Z, Liu F, Hu W, Wang ZQ, Zhang QH, et al: The Schistosoma japonicum genome reveals features of host-parasite interplay. Nature. 2009, 460: 345-351.

    CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Yoo WG, Kim DW, Ju JW, Cho PY, Kim TI, Cho SH, Choi SH, Park HS, Kim TS, Hong SJ: Developmental transcriptomic features of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011, 5: e1208-

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Ewing B, Hillier L, Wendl MC, Green P: Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment. Genome Res. 1998, 8: 175-185.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Jurka J, Kapitonov VV, Pavlicek A, Klonowski P, Kohany O, Walichiewicz J: Repbase Update, a database of eukaryotic repetitive elements. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005, 110: 462-467.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Pertea G, Huang X, Liang F, Antonescu V, Sultana R, Karamycheva S, Lee Y, White J, Cheung F, Parvizi B, Tsai J, Quackenbush J: TIGR Gene Indices clustering tools (TGICL): a software system for fast clustering of large EST datasets. Bioinformatics. 2003, 19: 651-652.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Huang X, Madan A: CAP3: A DNA sequence assembly program. Genome Res. 1999, 9: 868-877.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Benson G: Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999, 27: 573-580.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Barker G, Batley J, O' Sullivan H, Edwards KJ, Edwards D: Redundancy based detection of sequence polymorphisms in expressed sequence tag data using autoSNP. Bioinformatics. 2003, 19: 421-422.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the pathogen research community at the Korea National Institutes of Health for valuable input on this project and suggestions for building and maintaining this database.

Funding

This work was supported by the Pathogenic Proteome Management Program (4800-4847-300) from the Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Author information

Author notes

    Affiliations

    1. Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungbuk, 363-951, Republic of Korea

      Dae-Won Kim, Won Gi Yoo, Sanghyun Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee, Yu-Jung Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee & Jung-Won Ju

    Authors
    1. Dae-Won Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Won Gi Yoo
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Sanghyun Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Myoung-Ro Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Yu-Jung Kim
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Shin-Hyeong Cho
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Won-Ja Lee
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    8. Jung-Won Ju
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Won-Ja Lee or Jung-Won Ju.

    Additional information

    Competing interests

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    Authors’ contributions

    DK and WY designed and implemented the database and website and wrote the manuscript, and DK, WY and SL developed the web interfaces, assisted with the design of the database and performed database system administration. SC, YK and ML helped with the preparation of the EST data sets (sample collection, cDNA library construction and sequencing). WL and JJ served as the principal investigators of the project. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and have read and approved the final submitted version.

    Dae-Won Kim, Won Gi Yoo contributed equally to this work.

    Authors’ original submitted files for images

    Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

    Authors’ original file for figure 1

    Authors’ original file for figure 2

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and Permissions

    About this article

    Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Kim, D., Yoo, W.G., Lee, S. et al. ClonorESTdb: a comprehensive database for Clonorchis sinensis EST sequences. BMC Res Notes 7, 388 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-388

    Download citation

    Keywords

    • Clonorchis sinensis
    • Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)
    • Transcriptome
    • Database

    BMC Research Notes

    ISSN: 1756-0500

    Contact us