Skip to main content

Neurological deterioration induced by sitting in patients after cervicothoracic posterior decompression with instrumented fusion surgery for ossification of the longitudinal ligament: two cases reports

Abstract

Background

We report on Japanese patients who showed neurological deterioration induced by sitting after cervicothoracic posterior decompression with instrumented fusion, but showed immediate neurological recovery after bed rest.

Case Presentation

Patients showed incomplete paraparesis caused by the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament at uppermost thoracic spine. Cervicothoracic posterior decompression with instrumented fusion was performed. Postoperatively, the patients showed partial paraparesis when they were sitting. They showed rapid recovery from lower extremity paralysis upon lying down. After strict bed rest for one month, those patients showed no apparent development of paralysis during sitting.

Conclusion

In patients with postoperative residual anterior spinal cord compression, micromotion might exacerbate neurological symptoms.

Background

Ossification of the longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is one of anterior spinal cord compressive lesions at the uppermost thoracic spine, and is often treated using a posterior approach to decompression because of the anatomical complexity of the upper mediastinum [1]. OPLL patients showing local kyphosis often have a poor surgical outcome after posterior decompression surgery alone [2]. Concurrent instrumented posterior fusion is usually adopted as a stabilization procedure. The rationale for posterior decompression with instrumented fusion surgery (PDF) is to obtain neurological recovery by immediate stabilization of the spine, even if there is residual anterior compression following the procedure [3-6]. Here we report two cases that showed neurological deterioration induced by sitting after cervicothoracic PDF for OPLL, but showed immediate neurological recovery after bed rest.

Case presentations

Case 1

A 71-year-old Japanese woman complained of difficulty walking caused by OPLL at T2-3. C7–T5 PDF surgery was performed (Figure 1A, B, C). Three days after surgery, the patient showed partial paraparesis when she was sitting. Emergent CT and MRI showed no apparent abnormalities (Figure 1D). During those examinations, the patient gradually recovered from lower extremity paralysis. We ordered strict bed rest without sitting up for one month. Subsequently, the patient showed no apparent development of paralysis during sitting or using a wheelchair.

Figure 1
figure 1

Pre- and postoperative images of Case 1. Pre-operative computed tomography image showed beak-shaped ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament at T2/3 vertebral level (A). Posterior decompression with instrumented fusion surgery at C7-T5 level was performed (B-D). This patient showed partial paraparesis when she was sitting, but showed immediate neurological recovery after bed rest.

Case 2

A 37-year-old Japanese man showed partial paraparesis because of OPLL at C3–T3 (worst at T1-2, Figure 2A). The patient underwent PDF surgery at C3–T5. The patient showed incomplete paralysis on sitting, but rapidly recovered after bed rest. An emergent CT-myelogram revealed no apparent abnormalities (Figure 2B). X-ray images obtained when the patient was sitting and lying showed no apparent motion between fused segments (C7-T4 angle was 4° in both lying and in sitting position, Figure 2C and D). We ordered strict bed rest for 3 weeks. Subsequently, the patient showed no apparent development of paralysis during sitting.

Figure 2
figure 2

Pre- and postoperative images of Case 2. Pre-operative computed tomography image showed peak of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament at T1/2 vertebral level (A). C3-T5 posterior decompression with instrumented fusion surgery was performed. The patient showed incomplete paralysis on sitting, but rapidly recovered after bed rest. An emergent computed tomographic-myelogram revealed no apparent abnormalities (B). X-ray images obtained when the patient was lying (C) and sitting (D) showed no apparent motion between fused segments.

Discussion

Points in common between the present patients were that there was an anterior spinal cord compressive lesion at the upper thoracic level, that there was residual anterior spinal cord compression after surgery and the cervical 3.5 mm diameter rods were used at the cervicothoracic region. Previous Japanese reports describing neurological deterioration induced by sitting after cervicothoracic posterior decompression with instrumented fusion for OPLL showed similarities with the present patients [7,8]. Both of the present cases showed rapid neurological deterioration with sitting, followed by rapid recovery on lying down. These lines of indirect evidence lead us to suggest that, even after PDF surgery, there is micromotion at the fused segments. In contrast, no mid- to lower-thoracic OPLL patients showed neurological deterioration at sitting after PDF surgery in our previous series [5,6].

The possible differences between the previous mid- to lower-thoracic OPLL series and the present cases are the difference in the region and the difference of rod diameter, tapered rod (4.5 mm thoracic and 3.5 cervical) for case 1 and 3.5 mm cervical rod for case 2. Upper thoracic spinal cord might be vulnerable for external force because of its specific blood supply [9]; therefore in patients with postoperative residual anterior spinal cord compression at upper thoracic region, the spinal cord might be more vulnerable for micromotion than in the patients of mid- to lower thoracic spinal level.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we recommend surgeons be alert to the possibility of micromotion after cervicothoracic PDF surgery for OPLL. Thicker or more rigid rods for the PDF surgery may suppress this micromotion.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from both of the patients for publication of this Case Report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Abbreviations

OPLL:

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

PDF:

Ossification of the longitudinal ligament

CT:

Computed tomography

MR:

Magnetic resonance

References

  1. Miscusi M, Bellitti A, Polli FM. Surgical approaches to the cervico-thoracic junction. J Neurosurg Sci. 2005;49:49–57.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yamazaki M, Okawa A, Koda M, Goto S, Minami S, Moriya H. Transient paraparesis after laminectomy for thoracic myelopathy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a case report. Spine. 2005;30:E343–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Matsumoto M, Chiba K, Toyama Y, Takeshita K, Seichi A, Nakamura K. Surgical results and related factors for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the thoracic spine: a multi-institutional retrospective study. Spine. 2008;33:1034–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Matsumoto M, Toyama Y, Chikuda H, Takeshita K, Kato T, Shindo S, et al. Outcomes of fusion surgery for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the thoracic spine: a multicenter retrospective survey. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15:380–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Yamazaki M, Mochizuki M, Ikeda Y, Sodeyama T, Okawa A, Koda M, et al. Clinical results of surgery for thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: operative indication of posterior decompression with instrumented fusion. Spine. 2006;31:1452–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Yamazaki M, Okawa A, Fujiyoshi T, Furuya T, Koda M. Posterior decompression with instrumented fusion for thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:691–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Koga T. Early deterioration after posterior decompression surgery for cervico-thoracic ossification of the longitudinal ligament (in Japanese). J Japan Soc Spine Surg Rel Res. 2009;22:889–92.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Yamaguchi M, Nakamura E, Narusawa K, Shimizu K, Suzuki M, Matsumoto K, et al. Surgical Treatment for Thoracic OPLL: A Report of Two Cases (in Japanese). Orthop Traumatol. 2008;57:419–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jellinger KA. Spinal cord watershed. Neurology. 1997;48:1474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

There is no source of funding for all authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masao Koda.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

MK, CM, TI, KK, MO and SM analyzed and interpreted the patient data. KT, MY, MA, OI and TF were major contributors in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Koda, M., Mannoji, C., Inada, T. et al. Neurological deterioration induced by sitting in patients after cervicothoracic posterior decompression with instrumented fusion surgery for ossification of the longitudinal ligament: two cases reports. BMC Res Notes 8, 133 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1106-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1106-z

Keywords