Antineoplastic activity has been previously shown for two isomeric flavones, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,8-trimethoxy flavone (flavone A) and 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone (flavone B), against colon cancer cell lines (Thomas et al. in PLoS ONE 7:e39806, 5). Here, we present modified methods for the extraction and quantification of flavones A and B in rat colon tissue after intravenous dosing via high performance liquid chromatography, from the originally described procedure for extraction and quantification in rat plasma (Whitted et al. in J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1001:150–155, 7).
Results
Modifications included tissue homogenization (1 g tissue: 2 mL water), filtration of the supernatant with a PVDF membrane, and the use of only one calibration curve to determine the concentration of each flavone in colon tissue. Good separation was achieved and representative equations were linear with r2 ≥ 0.99 for both flavones. Precision and accuracy for flavone A ranged from 0.88–24.03 and 109–116%. Precision and accuracy for flavone B ranged from 1.62–33.56 and 98–113%. Concentrations of 1639 ± 601 ng/g flavone A and 5975 ± 2480 ng/g of flavone B were detected in rat colon tissue 6 h post dosing.
Conclusions
Modifications to the extraction methods for flavone A and flavone B from rat colon tissue had good separation, precision, and accuracy.
Many flavonoids have been recognized for their antitumor properties [1–4]. It is known that these activities are greatly determined by their chemical structure which subsequently dictates their ability to interact with cellular molecules [1]. This differential effect has been observed with flavone isomers 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,8-trimethoxy flavone (flavone A) and 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone (flavone B) [5]. Specifically, each isomer has been shown to target colon cancer cells with distinct phenotypical characteristics via different mechanisms of action [6]. However, it is unknown whether either of these flavones distribute to the colon after intravenous administration of these compounds. Modifications were made to methods developed for extracting and quantifying these flavones in rat plasma [7] using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The modifications included preparation of the sample by homogenization in water, filtration using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, and the creation of a single calibration curve to determine the concentration of either flavone in colon tissue.
These methods allowed for the detection of flavone A and flavone B in rat colon. Our data indicate that flavone B was found in higher concentrations in the colon than flavone A, which may be the result of higher volume of distribution value of flavone B [7] compared to that of flavone A.
Methods
Procedure to extract and purify flavones A and B
The compounds were obtained as described before [5]. Briefly, flavone A was purified from dried flowers of Gnaphalium elegans extracted with chloroform using a silica gel chromatography column. Flavone B was purified from leaves of Achyrocline bogotensis, using chloroform, followed by crystallizations in hexane. The physical and spectroscopic properties of these compounds allowed their proper identification.
Stock solution and standards
Stock solutions of flavone A at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, prepared as described previously [7], and 25 µg/mL celecoxib (Toronto Research Chemicals; Toronto, ON, CA) were prepared with acetonitrile/water/acetic acid/triethylamine (60:40:0.2:0.05). Stock solutions of 100 µg/mL of flavone B, prepared as described previously [7], and 25 µg/mL diclofenac (MP Biomedicals, LLC; Solon, OH) were prepared with acetonitrile/water/acetic acid/trimethylamine (70:30:0.2:0.05). All stock solutions were stored protected from light at 4 °C. HPLC grade acetonitrile, acetic acid, trimethylamine, and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Flavone A or flavone B were mixed with polyethylene glycol 400 (Electron Microscopy Sciences; Hatfield, PA) for intravenous injection.
Sample preparation
Colon tissue was homogenized using a PowerGen 700 from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA) in a 1:2 ratio with water (1 mg/2 mL). Serial concentrations for calibration curves (flavone A: 250–100,000 ng/g and flavone B: 1000–25,000 ng/g) were prepared. Briefly, 100 μL of blank homogenate was spiked with 100 μL flavone, 100 µL internal standard (25 µg/mL celecoxib or diclofenac), and 200 μL of organic solvent (acetonitrile). The samples were vortex mixed before being centrifuged for 15 min at 3000×g. The supernatant was removed and filtered with a PDVF filter (0.45 µm) into a clean tube and evaporated using a Labconco vacuum concentrator (Kansas City, MO). Mobile phase (200 μL) was used to reconstitute the residue and 100 μL of sample was injected into the HPLC column. Analysis was conducted in triplicate.
HPLC conditions and quantitation
HPLC assays were performed using a Shimadzu liquid chromatography system (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA) with an ACE C18 (100 × 4.6 mm) (Aberdeen, Scotland) column. Mobile phases used for HPLC contained acetonitrile/water 60:40 (flavone A) and 70:30 (flavone B) with 0.2% acetic acid and 0.05% triethylamine. Detection wavelength was at 245 nm with a temperature of 30 °C. Flow rate was 0.4 mL/min with run times of 11 and 10 min, respectively. LC solutions program was used to collect and analyze the data.
Animals and drug administration
The methods described here were used to determine the concentrations of flavone A or flavone B in colon tissue collected from male Sprague–Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Raleigh, NC, USA) used in a previous study [7]. Briefly, flavones were mixed in polyethylene glycol 400 and were administered by intravenous injection to deliver a 20 mg/kg dose of flavone A (n = 6) or flavone B (n = 6). Animals were euthanized under anesthesia 6 h post dosing. Colon tissue was collected and flash frozen using dry ice and stored at −80 °C until analyzed for the measurement of concentrations of flavones.
Results
Good separation was achieved (Figs. 1, 2) and the peak area ratios of flavone against internal standard were plotted in Excel to make the calibration curves (Fig. 3). Representative equation for flavone A concentrations 250–100,000 ng/g was y = 2E − 05x + 0.0029 and flavone B concentrations 1000–25,000 ng/g was y = 7E − 05x + 0.0531 with r2 ≥ 0.99. Three calibration curves were used to determine the precision (coefficient of variation—CV) and accuracy of the methods. Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (Tables 1, 2). Analysis yielded 1639 ± 601 ng/g of flavone A and 5975 ± 2480 ng/g of flavone B in colon tissue (Fig. 4).
Fig. 1
Elution of flavone A from colon. HPLC chromatographs of a blank colon; b colon spiked with internal standard (celecoxib 25 µg/mL); c colon spiked with flavone A (100 µg/mL) and internal standard
Fig. 2
Elution of flavone B from colon. HPLC chromatographs of a blank colon; b colon spiked with internal standard (diclofenac 25 µg/mL); c colon spiked with flavone B (100 µg/mL) and internal standard
Fig. 3
Calibration curves were made by graphing the ratio of flavone/internal standard area under the curve extracted from colon tissue versus the known concentration of flavone. Representative calibration curves for a flavone A and b flavone B are presented
Table 1
Precision and accuracy for 250–100,000 ng/g flavone A extracted from rat colon tissue
Concentration (ng/g)
Error (%)
Observed (n = 3)
CV
Accuracy (%)
100,000
13.88 ± 2.14
113,888 ± 2138
1.87
114
25,000
16.32 ± 1.06
29,081 ± 265
0.91
116
10,000
11.83 ± 4.15
11,182 ± 415
3.71
111
5000
9.93 ± 0.97
5496 ± 48
0.88
109
2500
13.92 ± 4.87
2848 ± 121
4.27
113
1000
11.45 ± 8.90
1114 ± 89
7.98
111
500
16.65 ± 21.51
558 ± 129
23.21
111
250
21.02 ± 19.30
285 ± 68
24.03
113
Table 2
Precision and accuracy for 1000–25,000 ng/g flavone B extracted from rat colon tissue
Concentration (ng/g)
Error (%)
Observed (n = 3)
CV
Accuracy (%)
25,000
1.51 ± 0.50
25,204 ± 410
1.62
101
10,000
2.89 ± 0.52
10,075 ± 345
3.43
101
5000
3.69 ± 3.42
4934 ± 271
5.51
98
2500
4.22 ± 2.55
2480 ± 142
5.73
99
1000
25.18 ± 27.00
1128 ± 378
33.56
113
Fig. 4
Distribution of flavones to target tissue. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received 20 mg/kg of either flavone A or flavone B via intravenous injection. The colon tissues were collected 6 h after dosing and analyzed for the presence of flavone using a HPLC system
Conclusion
Modifications to the methods developed for extraction and quantification of flavone A and flavone B from rat colon tissue yield good separation, precision, and accuracy. The distribution of both flavones to the colon suggests that they would be good candidates for in vivo antitumor studies for colon cancer.
Abbreviations
Flavone A:
5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,8-trimethoxy flavone
Flavone B:
3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone
HPLC:
high performance liquid chromatography
PVDF:
polyvinylidene fluoride
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
SH designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. CLW perfumed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. VEP analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. RDT and OER extracted and purified flavones A and B and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article are available upon request from the first author manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol (P-131001) was approved by the East Tennessee State University Committee on Animal Care, and conducted in facilities accredited by AAALAC according to guidelines in the Public Health Service Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Funding
This study was funded by a grant from the East Tennessee State University Research Development Committee Major Grants Program. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University
(2)
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
(3)
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad El Bosque
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