Effect of timing on baseline quality of life scores among surgical cancer patients

Improvements in patient selection, surgical skills, technology, and multidisciplinary care have led to dramatic improvements in survival rates for patients undergoing major cancer surgery [1]. For this reason, more patients will live with permanent consequences of the disease and treatment, including pain, bowel and sexual dysfunction, psychological distress, faecal, urinary incontinence and body issues; resulting in drastic changes in their lifestyle and impacting their health-related quality of life (QoL) [2, 3].

Longitudinal studies that assess patient-reported outcomes such as QoL provide valuable information about the impact of treatment-related consequences on patients’ daily life. In such longitudinal research, baseline pre-intervention assessment of QoL provides the reference level from which improvements or deterioration can be assessed. Additionally, preoperative QoL is considered a prognostic factor for many conditions, and has been shown to correlate with surgical outcomes and long-term survival [4].

In some circumstances however, it is not always possible to collect baseline data preoperatively for surgical patients, particularly those admitted as emergency cases. For elective admissions, the trend towards patient admission on the day of surgery leaves little time for QoL assessment prior to the procedure. This combined with multiple medical, surgical, nursing and allied health assessments make the time for QoL assessments limited. In longitudinal studies that investigate changes in QoL over time, statistical imputation methods can be used for missing follow-up data [5]. However, it is extremely difficult to accurately impute missing baseline data, which could potentially weaken the validity of the results and conclusions [6].

An alternative and pragmatic approach to obtain ‘missed’ preoperative QoL information is to ask patients in the early postoperative period to recall their health and well-being in the week before surgery, and to complete the baseline questionnaire based on this recall. However, the reliability of scores collected at these two-time points is uncertain. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare baseline QoL scores collected either preoperatively or postoperatively within a cohort of patients who underwent major cancer surgery by comparing the mean differences via large cohort of prospective exenteration patients whose baseline measurements are recorded situationally at the different time points.

This study used data from a prospectively maintained clinical and QoL database [7, 8]. The database is maintained through REDCap, and is managed by the Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOuRCe). Patients’ clinical information and QoL data is collected at baseline (for this study either preoperatively or postoperatively) and then at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48 and 60 months postoperative. In brief, participants for this study included patients with advanced primary or recurrent rectal cancer who underwent pelvic exenteration at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPAH) Sydney, between 2008 and 2016. Ethics approval for the QoL study was granted by the Royal Prince Alfred Research Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval Number X16-0272).

Collecting QoL data in the preoperative setting can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to determine whether QoL measures collected in the early postoperative period based on patients’ recall of their preoperative QoL status are comparable with scores obtained preoperatively. Unfortunately, this study found that QoL scores based on postoperative recall were lower for physical health but higher for mental health compared with scores obtained from patients preoperatively.

Postoperatively, the perception of QoL physical scores, including the overall physical health component, physical functioning and role physical based on recall were worse for the group assessed postoperatively than preoperatively. Conversely, QoL mental health scores, including the mental health component and mental health specific domains were perceived better postoperatively when compared to preoperatively. Other specific domains, such as bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning and role emotional were equally perceived by the patients, independently of the time point.

To our knowledge this is the first study to investigate whether the recall of preoperative QoL scores are different postoperatively in patients undergoing major cancer surgery. Interestingly, when the preoperative SF-36 scores are compared with postoperative (perceived preoperative) scores it reveals that the overall physical and mental health domains including the overall physical and mental health scores were perceived differently. This may suggest that cancer patients that undergo major surgery are mentally better postoperatively than preoperatively, due to the fact that they survived the fears of a major and complex surgery and can potentially now see a long-term survival. While on the other hand, in the postoperative group, the physical components were perceived worse than the preoperative group, this may be related to the extreme physical limitations post operation, including physical, bowel and sexual dysfunction, faecal and urinary incontinence. While they were emphatically asked to recall their preoperative state it is obvious the postoperative state has confounded the perception positively mentally and negatively physically. When compared with other studies investigating QoL following major cancer surgery, the preoperative overall scores of the physical (mean ± SD = 43.7 ± 10.3) and mental health (mean ± SD = 42.9 ± 11.6) components were similar to our preoperative group scores [7]. This may suggest that patients undergoing major surgery may perceive their preoperative status differently postoperatively. Therefore, our findings support the collection of baseline QoL data preoperatively where possible. Our findings are limited by the study design, differences in the characteristics of the samples (i.e. country of birth and language spoken at home), and lack of generalizability due to the very specific type of cancer and surgery studied, as such, caution should be taken when interpreting these results.

From the results of this explanatory study, it is clear that continued research and the application of response shift on major cancer surgical field and outcomes are needed. In brief, future studies should consider measuring changes in QoL by examining some of the following research designs described: (i) pre-test/post-test [10, 11]; (ii) then-test [12, 13]; (iii) structural equation modelling [14–16]; (iv) anchoring vignettes [12, 15, 17, 18]. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the clinical application of response shift measurement and how this may be incorporated into clinical practice.

Patients undergoing major cancer surgery perceive their preoperative physical and mental health scores of the SF-36 QoL questionnaire differently pre- and postoperatively. Future studies, collecting data preoperatively and immediately after surgery are warranted to support our findings.

This study consisted of a small sample of participants undergoing a complex and rare cancer procedure and therefore may not be generalised. Participants were grouped according to the period they answer their baseline questionnaire (i.e. preoperatively versus postoperatively), potentially resulting in high risk of bias. Caution should be taken when interpreting these results.