Uninterrupted monitoring of drug effects in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with bioluminescence Ca²⁺ microscopy

Gene construction of GmNL(Ca²⁺)

General molecular biology experiments were conducted as described [11]. The sequences of all the oligonucleotides (Hokkaido System Science, Hokkaido, Japan) used in this study are provided in Additional file 1. Each of the cDNAs of C-terminally deleted Gamillus [12] mutants (ΔC8–11) were amplified by PCR and digested with BamHI and KpnI. The digested PCR fragments were cloned in-frame into the KpnI/EcoRI sites of Nano-lantern(Ca²⁺)_600/pRSETB (Addgene#51976) for bacterial expression. To express the GmNL(Ca²⁺) in mammalian cells, PCR-amplified GmNL(Ca²⁺) genes were inserted into a pcDNA3 mammalian expression vector using BamHI and EcoRI sites.

Protein purification and characterization

Recombinant Gamillus-based NL(Ca²⁺)_variant proteins with N-terminal polyhistidine tags were expressed in E. coli. (JM109(DE3)), purified, and spectroscopically characterized as described [11].

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) production

For the Adeno associated virus expression system, pHelper and pAAV-DJ were obtained from Cell Biolabs, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). The cDNA of GmNL(Ca²⁺) was replaced with ArchT-GFP sequence in pAAV-CAG-ArchT-GFP (Addgene#29777). AAV production followed the manufacturer’s protocol. The titer of AAV vector was determined by fluorescence titration assay. Briefly, HEK293T cells were transduced with a range of dilutions of AAV encoding GmNL(Ca²⁺). 48 h post transduction, the percentage of infected cells were assayed with fluorescence of Gamillus moiety inside GmNL(Ca²⁺) using fluorescence microscopy. To ensure a single infection event per cell, the dilution with less than 40% fluorescent-positive cells was adopted for calculation of titer. The virus titer was approximately 1 × 10⁸ Infectious units (IFU)/ml.

Customized bioluminescence microscopy

A bespoke assay environment for bioluminescence imaging was developed for a Ti-E microscope (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a x10PlanFluor (NA 0.3) objective lens and a stage modified for onstage environmental control (Tokai Hit., Co, Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan). Drug addition and medium exchange was carried out using PROcellcare 5030 and PPPump 2010 MiMEDA enclosed in light-tight box manufactured for this study (Tokai Hit., Co, Ltd.). Fluorescence and bioluminescence images were acquired with an EMCCD camera iXon-3 (Andor Technology, Belfast, Northern Ireland) using the image acquisition software NIS-Elements 4.60 (Nikon Corporation).

hiPSC-CM culture and imaging

iCell^® Cardiomyocytes (Cellular Dynamics International, Madison, WI, USA) were purchased, and aggregates of hiPSC-CMs were prepared as spheroids. hiPSC-CMs were treated with 10 μl of crude AAV solution (1 × 10⁶ IFU per aggregates of hiPSC-CMs) for 1–5 weeks before observation. The cells were incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ and culture medium replaced every 3 days. Just before observation hiPSC-CMs were washed with Tyrodes solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and exchanged for 20 μM coelenterazine-h (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) containing Tyrode solution. For Ca²⁺ imaging using Fluo4, 5.0 μM Fluo4-AM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was loaded onto hiPSC-CMs in Tyrode solution supplemented with 1xPowerLoad (provided with Fluo4-AM) for 1 h at 37 °C. Fluo4 imaging was conducted with an FESH0700 IR cut-off filter (Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) and LED505-C-FL (Nikon Corporation) including Ex500/20 excitation filter, DM515 dichroic mirror and EM535/30 emission filter. The images of GmNL(Ca²⁺) were acquired with 50 or 30 ms exposure times for comparison with Fluo4 or drug screening, respectively. For bioluminescence, 8 × 8 binning was applied to increase photon counts for each pixel.

For drug studies, the basal Ca²⁺ transients of hiPSC-CM were recorded, followed by drug incubation for 10 min, and repeated recording of the Ca²⁺ transient. To preserve drug activity, they were initially kept at 4 °C on one side of the chamber and just before use, the temperature was quickly raised to 37 °C to prevent thermal drift. The information of all the drugs used in this study are provided in Additional file 2.

Development and characterization of a bioluminescent Ca²⁺ indicator

In Nano-lantern, the excited energy produced by an Rluc variant is efficiently transferred to the adjacent FP by FRET. Since the FP has a higher quantum yield (QY) the emitted photon number increases. It was possible to introduce a calcium sensor domain into Nano-lantern to form Nano-lantern(Ca²⁺), but this reduced brightness significantly [9]. To restore brightness we explored fusions to the recently characterized green FP Gamillus [12] which has the highest QY among reported GFPs. We first swapped Venus from Nano-lantern(Ca²⁺) with various C-terminal truncated Gamillus (Δ8–11) constructs to improve FRET efficiency. The resultant fusion proteins are designated as Gamillus-based NL(Ca²⁺)_variants hereafter (Fig. 1a). Of the tested Gamillus-based NL(Ca²⁺)_variants, we found that the Δ9 deletion mutant exhibited a 140% signal change with comparable brightness to YNL(Ca²⁺) when Ca²⁺-bound (Fig. 1b). Ca²⁺ titration revealed that the dissociation constant (K_d) for Ca²⁺ was 240 nM. To compare the performance of these Ca²⁺ indicators to a known standard, we expressed each Gamillus-based NL(Ca²⁺)_variant in HeLa cells. Upon stimulation with histamine, an acute Ca²⁺ spike followed by Ca²⁺ oscillations with smaller amplitudes were detected with sampling rates up to 10 Hz (Additional file 3).

Customized bioluminescence microscopy

Figure 2a shows an inverted microscope customized for drug screening using bioluminescence imaging. The system is made of a stage-top incubator, and an automatic dispenser inside a light-tight box, enabling drug preparation, drug addition, and medium exchange (Fig. 2b). This incubator itself has two spaces to hold an 8 well chamber slide for cell observation and eight holes acting as drug reservoirs (Fig. 2c). Temperature can be controlled independently for cell observation (25–50 °C) and drug storage (4–50 °C). Since beating parameters of hiPSC-CMs exhibit thermal dependence, the temperature inside the chamber overall should be constant. To validate the performance of the incubator, Ca²⁺ transients of hiPSC-CMs were recorded by Fluo4, a commonly used fluorescent chemical indicator for Ca²⁺, at 32, 37 and 42 °C. Figure 2d shows a typical time course of spontaneous Ca²⁺ transients at each temperature. The peak-to-peak interval between Ca²⁺ transients, commonly employed as a measure of beat rate, decreased linearly from 2.8 ± 0.29 s at 32 °C to 1.2 ± 0.30 s at 42 °C (Fig. 2e, n = 3).

hiPSC-CM imaging

We then assessed Gamillus-based NL(Ca²⁺)Δ9 [hereafter GmNL(Ca²⁺)] signals during spontaneous hiPSC-CM contraction in the customized microscope. GmNL(Ca²⁺) was expressed in cardiomyocyte spheroids by Adeno associated virus infection (Fig. 3a). GmNL(Ca²⁺) was imaged at 20 Hz for 15 min, detecting periodic changes in bioluminescence signal during synchronized contractions (Fig. 3b). The time course of bioluminescence intensity was recorded for the first and last 3 min, and analyzed to estimate three beating parameters; peak interval, peak amplitude, and 50% peak width (FWHM) which approximates to the action potential duration. We compared these results to those obtained using Fluo4 under various illumination power densities (62, 125, 250 and 500 mW cm⁻² respectively). The amplitude of GmNL(Ca²⁺) did not change significantly during observation (− 8.0 ± 21%, n = 8), in contrast to that of Fluo4 which reduced significantly under all illumination conditions tested (− 50 ± 8.5% at 62 mW cm⁻² to − 99 ± 0.51% at 500 mW cm⁻²) indicative of dye loss by export or photobleaching (Fig. 3c).

In addition, stability of beating parameters between the start and the end of the observation window was only seen with GmNL(Ca²⁺) (From 1.3 ± 0.36 to 1.3 ± 0.27 s for beat–beat interval, and 0.61 ± 0.14 to 0.59 ± 0.063 s for FWHM, n = 8) and Fluo4 at the lowest power density (62 mW cm⁻²) (from 1.6 ± 0.11 to 1.8 ± 0.10 s for interval, and from 0.48 ± 0.029 to 0.59 ± 0.031 s for FWHM, n = 6). At higher power density reduction in peak-to-peak interval (From 1.9 ± 0.10 to 0.99 ± 0.051 s at 500 mW cm⁻², n = 7) was seen suggesting extrinsic light illumination can cause significant phototoxicity in this system (Fig. 3c). Collectively, these observations demonstrate that GmNL(Ca²⁺) improves long-term signal stability without physiological perturbations arising from extrinsic illumination. Interestingly the variation between hiPSC-CMs from GmNL(Ca²⁺) was greater than that from cells labelled with Fluo4.

Drug-induced changes to the hiPS-CM Ca²⁺ transient

Next we tested whether GmNL(Ca²⁺) can identify expected Ca²⁺ transient changes in hiPSC-CMs induced by well characterized drugs. After addition of isoproterenol, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist used clinically to increase the heart rate, the mean peak-to-peak interval reduced (from 1.1 ± 0.16 to 0.75 ± 0.070 s, n = 3) (Fig. 3d, e) [13]. Conversely, propranolol, an adrenergic receptor blocker, increased the peak-to-peak interval (from 1.0 ± 0.081 to 1.27 ± 0.11 s, n = 3) as expected (Fig. 3d, e) [14]. Similarly GmNL(Ca²⁺) could correctly elicit the rate related Ca²⁺ transient alterations induced by Dopamine, and Doxazosin (Additional file 4). These results suggested that GmNL(Ca²⁺) is able to report bidirectional drug effects in hiPSC-CMs using a drug dispensing system based inside the on-stage environmental control conditions needed for bioluminescence imaging.