- Research note
- Open Access
The magnitude of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending public institutions of Shire Town, Shire, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2018
- Received: 13 July 2018
- Accepted: 10 August 2018
- Published: 17 August 2018
Abstract
Objective
Anemia is a widespread health problem among pregnant women causing maternal/infant morbidity and mortality mainly in low-income countries. Understanding of the magnitude of anemia and related socio-demographic variables in a specific setting would help scale-up preventive and therapeutic measures in a locality. So that this study focuses on the magnitude of anemia and its associated factor among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public hospitals of shire town and using institution based cross-sectional study design on 480 randomly selected study subjects.
Result
The overall prevalence of anemia was 16.3%. Majority of the participants (52%) have mild anemia (10–10.9 gm/dl). Pregnant mothers with human immunodeficiency virus, intestinal parasitic infection and having lower inter-pregnancy gap were significant predictors of anemia. Preventing infection of the mother during pregnancy and making the gap between pregnancies are necessary.
Keywords
- Pregnant women
- Anemia
- Micronutrient deficiency
Introduction
Anemia is a condition in which the number or size of red blood cells and thus hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration fall below the required level resulting in the impaired capacity to transport oxygen [1]. Anemia is a major global public health concern. The highest proportions of peoples affected are from sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. It affects all ages- and sex-groups with the highest prevalence, 43%, 38%, occurring among less than 5 years children and pregnant women respectively [1].
Anemia in pregnancy is defined based on the level of pregnancy. For first and third trimesters Hgb levels < 11 g/dl and for second trimester < 10.5 g/dl are considered anemic [2]. It was estimated that anemia may be responsible for as much as 20% of all maternal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa through three main mechanisms [3]. And Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) report, 17% of reproductive age women were estimated to be anemic and 22% of the pregnant women are anemic [4].
Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of anemia and associated factor among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in public health in shire town.
Main text
Study area
The study was done in Shire town northwestern zone which was located in north part of Ethiopia 1087 km from Addis Ababa, and 300 km from Mekelle city, the Capital of Tigray with a total population of 47,284 (21,867 male and 25,417 female). Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the central statistical agency, this town has total population of 47,284, of whom 21,867 are men and 25,417 women. Majority of the inhabitants (85.11%) follow Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity but 14.67% are Muslims. The Suhul hospital found in shire town is estimated to serve more than one million people residing in the town and neighboring areas [5–12]. The study was conducted from April 1–30, 2018.
Study design
The institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted.
Sample size
A total of 313 samples were calculated using a single population proportion formula by assuming 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (σ = 0.05) and prevalence of anemia 27.4% [13] and by adding 10% of non-response rate.
Sampling technique
From all health facilities in the study area, one hospital and two health centers were selected. Random sampling method was used to select participants from women attending antenatal care follow-up.
Data collection tool
A structured questionnaire was adopted and adapted from review of relevant literature and arranged according to particular objective it can address. Before actual data collection, the tool was pre-tested in St. Mary Hospital. Three days of training was given to all data collectors and supervisors prior to pretesting. Eight data collectors who had completed a degree in midwives were recruited. The data was collected through self-administer questionnaire.
Variables
Dependent variable: Magnitude of anemia
Independent variables: Age, education, gravida/parity, gestational age, medical/surgical problems (intestinal parasite, HIV, malaria, malnutrition)
Data processing and analysis
Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate frequencies and display findings. Association was measured using binary logistic regression. Based on Bivariate analysis variables that showed significant association at (p < 0.25) were entered into the multivariable analysis to select Predictor variables of factors affecting anemia in pregnant women. The final model were then tested for its goodness of fit by Hosmer and Lemeshow p-value and p-value > 0.05 was the best fitted. Finally, variables that showed significant associations at (p < 0.05) were identified as independent predictors of affecting anemia in pregnant women.
Ethical considerations
The Ethical approval was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Health Sciences, Aksum University. Communications with the health center administrations were made through a formal letter obtained from Aksum University, College of Health Science and TRHB. The objective and importance of the study were explained to the study participants. Data was collected after full informed written consent was obtained from participants aged 18 years and more, but age less than 18 years from the guardian. Confidentiality of the information was maintained throughout by excluding names as identification in the questionnaire and keeping their privacy during the interview by interviewing them alone.
Results
Socio-demographic data
Socio-demographic characteristic and behaviors of pregnant mothers attending ANC in public institutions of Shire Town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 20,168 (N = 480)
Variable | Anemia status | Total no. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Anemic, no. (%) | Non-anemic, no. (%) | ||
Age in year | |||
18–24 | 6 (22.2) | 21 (77.8) | 90 (5.6) |
25–32 | 57 (16.1) | 295 (83.9) | 352 (73.3) |
32–38 | 15 (14.9) | 86 (85.1) | 101 (21.0) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 6 (11.3) | 47 (88.7) | 53 (11.0) |
Married | 72 (16.9) | 355 (85.1) | 427 (89.0) |
Employment | |||
Employed | 30 (13.2) | 198 (86.8) | 228 (47.5) |
Unemployed | 48 (19.1) | 204 (80.9) | 521 (52.5) |
Malaria during pregnancy | |||
Yes | 11 (31.4) | 24 (68.6) | 35 (7.3) |
No | 67 (15.1) | 378 (84.9) | 445 (92.7) |
Intestinal parasite | |||
Yes | 13 (37.1) | 22 (62.9) | 35 (7.3) |
No | 65 (14.6) | 380 (85.4) | 445 (92.7) |
HIV status | |||
Positive | 12 (38.7) | 19 (61.3) | 31 (6.5) |
Negative | 66 (14.7) | 383 (85.3) | 449 (93.5) |
Smoking | |||
Yes | 9 (29.0) | 22 (71.0) | 31 (6.5) |
No | 69 (15.4) | 380 (84.6) | 449 (93.5) |
Alcohol consumption | |||
Yes | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | 25 (5.5) |
No | 68 (14.9) | 387 (86.1) | 455 (94.5) |
Regarding trimester, most participants (41.3%) the current pregnancy was their first (primigravida) and for 155 (32.3%) it was their fourth or above (multi-gravida), 127 (26.5%) were experiencing their second or third pregnancy. Most of the participants 189 (39.9%) were in their first trimester followed by those in their third 167 (34.8%) and in their second 124 (25.8%). Regarding the inter-pregnancy gap, for those who have more than one pregnancy, 32 (12.1%) had below 2, 143 (50.7%) 2–3 and 105 (37.2%) had more than 3 years of gaps between their successive pregnancies.
Pregnancy-related conditions of anemia in pregnant mothers attending ANC in public institutions of Shire Town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 20,168 (N = 480)
Variable | Anemia status | Total no. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Anemic, no. (%) | Non-anemic, no. (%) | ||
Trimester | |||
First | 30 (15.9) | 159 (84.1) | 189 (39.4) |
Second | 22 (17.7) | 102 (82.3) | 124 (25.8) |
Third | 26 (15.6) | 141 (84.4) | 167 (34.8) |
No. of pregnancy | |||
1 (current) | 24 (12.1) | 174 (87.9) | 198 (41.3) |
2–3 | 18 (14.2) | 109 (85.8) | 127 (26.5) |
≥ 4 | 36 (23.2) | 119 (76.8) | 155 (32.3) |
Inter-pregnancy gap (years) | |||
< 2 | 6 (14.7) | 29 (85.3) | 34 (12.1) |
2–3 | 22 (15.4) | 121 (84.6) | 143 (50.7) |
≥ 4 | 14 (13.3) | 91 (86.8) | 105 (37.2) |
Body mass index | |||
Under weight | 19 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | 71 (14.8) |
Normal | 50 (14.6) | 293 (85.4) | 343 (71.5) |
Overweight | 14 (21.2) | 52 (78.8) | 66 (13.8) |
Factors associated with anemia
Factors associated with anemia in pregnant mothers attending ANC in public institutions of Shire Town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 20,168 (N = 480)
Variable | Anemia status | COR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anemic, no. (%) | Non-anemic, no. (%) | |||||
Age in year | – | |||||
18–24 | 6 (22.2) | 21 (77.8) | 3.24 (1.470–7.133) | 0.04 | ||
25–32 | 57 (16.1) | 295 (83.9) | 2.27 (0.931–5.536) | 0.72 | ||
32–38 | 15 (14.9) | 86 (85.1) | 1.00 | |||
Malaria during pregnancy | – | |||||
Yes | 11 (31.4) | 24 (68.6) | 2.58 (1.210–5.526) | 0.14 | ||
No | 67 (15.1) | 378 (84.9) | 1.00 | |||
HIV status | ||||||
Positive | 12 (38.7) | 19 (61.3) | 3.67 (1.700–7.904) | 0.001 | 2.802 (1.174–6.635) | 0.02 |
Negative | 66 (14.7) | 383 (85.3) | 1.00 | |||
Intestinal parasite | ||||||
Yes | 13 (37.1) | 22 (62.9) | 3.46 (1.670–7.200) | 0.001 | 3.340 (1.49–7.48) | 0.003 |
No | 65 (14.6) | 380 (85.4) | 1.00 | |||
Smoking | – | |||||
Yes | 9 (29.0) | 22 (71.0) | 2.25 (1.995–5.090) | 0.05 | ||
No | 69 (15.4) | 380 (84.6) | 1.00 | |||
Alcohol consumption | – | |||||
Yes | 10 (40.0) | 15 (60.0) | 2.79 (1.637–6.794) | 0.06 | ||
No | 68 (14.9) | 387 (86.1) | 1.00 | |||
No. of pregnancy | – | |||||
1 (current) | 24 (12.1) | 174 (87.9) | 0.83 (0.433–0.961) | 0.59 | ||
2–3 | 18 (14.2) | 109 (85.8) | 0.613 (0.301–0.804) | 0.07 | ||
≥ 4 | 36 (23.2) | 119 (76.8) | 1.00 | |||
Inter-pregnancy gap | ||||||
< 2 years | 6 (14.7) | 29 (85.3) | 7.31 (3.041–17.587) | 0.001 | 6.665 (2.69–16.483) | 0.001 |
2–3 years | 22 (15.4) | 121 (84.6) | 1.182 (0.573–2.436) | 0.65 | ||
≥ 4 years | 14 (13.3) | 91 (86.8) | 1.00 | |||
Discussion
The overall anemia prevalence among the study participants was 16.3%. This result is comparable with the results from Mekelle (16.6%) and Gonder (19.3%) respectively [14, 15]. But this finding is lower than findings of Gilgel Gibe (53.9%) and Gode South Ethiopia (565) [16, 17] and higher than in Iran (4.7%) [18]. The variations may be explained by factors such as malaria endemicity particularly in Ghibe and Gode, study design and sample size, socio-economic and other baseline characteristics of the study populations as well as altitudinal differences. Further, early antenatal care follow-up and better healthcare awareness among the participants might have contributed towards the observed differences in anemia prevalence. Also, in countries like Iran iron and folate supplements are routinely prescribed for pregnant women and that might be among the reasons for the apparent very low prevalence rate in the country.
Positivity for intestinal parasite was significantly associated with anemia. The result of the study was consistent with the literature on possible factors of anemia in pregnancy in Shalla Woreda of Oromia region In Ethiopia [19]. This is expected as intestinal parasites, apart from their competition for nutrients, are known to cause blood loss, loss of appetite reduced motility of food through the intestine and damage to the wall of the intestine leading to mal-absorption of nutrients.
The study also showed a significant association between anemia and HIV. Pregnant women with HIV was more likely to have anemia than those who without HIV in agreement with previous reports [20]. The high prevalence of anemia in HIV-positive pregnant women might be due to the characteristics of the virus which results in increased metabolic and nutritional needs; poor intake of iron and other nutrients due to reduced appetite, mal-absorption of nutrients; and direct suppression of red blood cell production in the body [21].
The study result showed the prevalence of anemia increased as the number of pregnancy increased. This is in similar with the finding of Wolita Sodo, South Ethiopia [22] in which number of pregnancy had a statistically significant association with anemia. This could be explained the body will have enough time to recover from a nutrient loss that resulted from the previous pregnancy.
Conclusion
The prevalence of anemia in the study area was low and HIV status, intestinal parasite, and inter-pregnancy gap were variables significantly associated.
Recommendation
Although the condition appears mild as per the WHO criterion awareness creation on prevention of HIV, personal hygiene and environmental sanitation to control intestinal parasite infection, and use of contraceptives to widen the inter-pregnancy gap are important to further prevent pregnancy-related anemia. Since the present investigation was conducted on a relatively smaller small sample size, studies using a larger sample size are needed to better understand the scale of anemia among pregnant women in the study area.
Limitation
Smaller sample size and the nature of cross-sectional study which does not show cause and effect relationship.
Abbreviations
- IPIs:
-
intestinal parasitic infections
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- Hgb:
-
hemoglobin
- EDHS:
-
Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey
- HIV:
-
human immunodeficiency virus
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
AK, HG, GT have taken a principal role in the conception of ideas, developing methodologies and writing the article. FA and YT involved in data collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all study participants and data collectors for their contribution to the success of our work.
Competing interests
This manuscript maintains no competing financial interest declaration from any person or organization, or non-financial competing interests such as political, personal, religious, ideological, academic, intellectual, commercial or any other.
Availability of data and materials
The data sets used and analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was secured from the Aksum University, College of Health Science research review committee. Respondents were well informed about the purpose of the study, and information was collected after full oral and written consent from participants aged 18 years and more, but age less than 18 years from the guardian. Information was recorded anonymously and confidentially, and beneficence was assured throughout the study period.
Funding
There is no funding for this research. All cost of data collection and analysis were covered by the authors.
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Authors’ Affiliations
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