Skip to main content
Download PDF

Antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio isolated from chicken, pork, buffalo and goat meat in eastern Nepal

BMC Research Notes volume 12, Article number: 766 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Objective

Food-borne pathogens are a major cause of illnesses, death and expenses. Their occurrence in meat and other food is considered a global health problem. The burden of food-borne disease is increasing due to antimicrobial resistance which represents a greater risk of treatment failure. However, very little is known about the antibiotic resistance profile of food-borne pathogens in Nepal. This study was conducted to examine the antibiotic resistance profile of common food-borne bacterial pathogens isolated from raw meat sold in Nepal. A total of 83 meat samples were collected from the market and analyzed.

Results

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio were 68%, 53%, 35%, 6%, and 6% respectively. The resistance of Salmonella was most frequently observed to amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (24%), chloramphenicol (11%), and nalidixic acid (11%). S. aureus was resistant to amoxicillin (100%) followed by tetracycline (63%), nalidixic acid (17%), and cefotaxime (13%) respectively. Vibrio isolates resisted amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (40%) and chloramphenicol (20%). Shigella expressed the highest resistance to amoxicillin (100%), followed by chloramphenicol (80%), tetracycline (60%) and nalidixic acid (20%). E. coli exhibited the highest resistance to amoxicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (93%), nalidixic acid (25%) and cefotaxime (19%).

Introduction

Food-borne pathogens have been the paramount cause of illness and death in the world [1]. As they affect the health and economy, the awareness on food-borne pathogens is increasing [2, 3]. Poultry and other meats also occupy one of the most important reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria [4]. Normally, the meat of healthy animals contains very few or nil microorganisms but contamination arise from slaughtering, transportation and processing [4, 5]. The most important food-borne bacteria transmitted through meat include Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica and Aeromonas hydrophila [5]. These bacteria usually cause self-limiting gastroenteritis however, invasive diseases and various complexities also may occur. E. coli can cause bloody diarrhoea and hemolytic uremic syndrome, Salmonella can cause systemic salmonellosis, S. aureus is responsible for causing food poisoning, Shigella can cause dysentery and Vibrio can cause cholera if undercooked meat is consumed [6,7,8].

With the emergence of bacteria, the consumption of antibiotics is increased by approximately 40% in a decade but their resistance has been becoming a global threat [9]. Apart from clinical settings, large amounts of antibiotics are used in agriculture, food industry, animal husbandry and aquaculture [10]. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics creates a selective pressure on the bacterial flora, thus increasing the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant bacteria [11, 12]. Similarly, due to incomplete metabolism, unused antibiotics spread to the environment eliciting bacterial adaptation response to develop antibiotic-resistant genes [13, 14]. Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is higher in poultry, pig and other meat animals [15]. As a result, antibiotic-resistant strains from the gut may contaminate meat during slaughtering and resistant bacteria can infect consumers via meat [16,17,18]. The transfer of resistant bacteria from meat to humans has been reported in various countries [19,20,21]. In the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from food micro flora to pathogenic bacteria, meat can play an important role [22, 23]. In Nepal, consumption of meat has been increasing but Nepalese butchers and consumers are unaware of food safety [24, 25]. On the other hand, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is increasing due to the haphazard use of antibiotics in human therapy, animal farming and other prophylactic usages [26]. It is difficult to treat the infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria as compared to normal bacteria and such strains are of great concern [26]. However, very few studies have been done in Nepal about food-borne bacteria and their antibiotic resistance profile. So, this study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates from marketed meat in Dharan, eastern Nepal.

Main text

Methods

Study site

The study site is a town of Province number 1 of Nepal (Fig. 1) locating between hills and Terai region at the altitude of 349 m.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Area of study

Full size image

Analytical methods

A total of 83 (33 chicken, 27 pork, 13 buffalo and 10 goat) meat samples were collected in a UV sterilized zipped plastic bag and transported to the laboratory in an icebox. The samples were collected 6–9 a.m. and processed within 2 h otherwise preserved at 4 °C. To prevent cross-contamination during sampling, sterile gloves and forceps were used. The meat shops are randomly scattered in different locations of Dharan and only one type of meat was collected in a single day.

Isolation of E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, and S. aureus was done by following U.S. FDA guideline [27] in triplicate. The isolates were identified by cultural characteristics, Gram staining, and biochemical tests as described by Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology [28]. All of the culture media, reagents and antibiotics were purchased from Himedia, India. The significant association of dependent variables was determined by Chi-square test at 5% level of significance by using software SPSS version 16.

Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of all identified isolates was done on eight antibiotics following Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The interpretation of sensitive (S), intermediate sensitive (I) and resistant (R) were done according to the CLSI guidelines [29]. Selection of antibiotics was based on the common antibiotics used in Nepal and those recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for routine integrated antimicrobial resistance monitoring [30]. These antibiotics were amoxicillin (Amx 10 µg), azithromycin (Azm 15 µg), amikacin (Ak 30 µg), cefotaxime (Ctx 30 µg), nalidixic acid (NA 30 µg), ciprofloxacin (Cip 30 µg), tetracycline (TE 30 µg) and chloramphenicol (C 30 µg). For quality control, ATCC cultures of E. coli 25922, S. aureus 25923, Salmonella 35664, Shigella 23354 and Vibrio 39315 were used.

Results and discussions

Resistance enables bacteria to escape from being killed by antibiotics and reduces the ability to treat infections [31]. Therefore, antibiotics resistance has been considered one of the greatest threats to medicine [32]. Meat also plays an important role in the transfer of antibiotics resistant genes in term of antibiotic residues. The prevalence of bacterial isolates is shown in Fig. 2 and their antibiotic resistance profiles are tabulated in Fig. 3. The significant association was not seen between the type of meat and presence of S. aureus, Shigella, Vibrio and E. coli (p > 0.05) but observed between type of meat and Salmonella (p < 0.05). It shows that chicken meat may harbour the more Salmonella than other type of meat which may come from faecal matters during processing. The prevalence of bacterial isolates was found to be higher than previous studies in Ethiopia, China and Greece [33,34,35]. The reason behind the higher prevalence rates could be related to the difference in time, place and season of research. Furthermore, higher prevalence rates might be due to unhygienic processing, improper cleaning, deficient handling, and post-processing contamination from the polluted environment.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Prevalence of bacterial isolates

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates

Full size image

Although S. aureus and its antimicrobial resistance pattern have been extensively studied in livestock and foods in other countries, limited studies have been done in Nepal. Our result reported the higher resistance rates of isolates than in studies of other countries like Ethiopia, Thailand, China, and South Africa [33, 36,37,38]. The increased resistance of isolates against commonly used antibiotics may be due to the indiscriminate use of common antibiotics. In the case of E. coli, neither of them was susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The higher resistance to amoxicillin (100%) tetracycline (93%) and nalidixic acid (25%) was observed. Our result is in agreement with findings of similar studies by in Greece, Canada and Jamaica [35, 39, 40]. But, other studies by Atnafie et al. and Van et al. do not support our findings [41, 42]. The variation on the rate of resistance can be related to the difference in time and place. Another reason for the difference in resistance rates might be a rapid change in antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacteria within a short period.

In this study, all isolates of Salmonella developed resistance against amoxicillin (100%) followed by tetracycline (24%), nalidixic acid (11%) and chloramphenicol (11%), Studies in other countries show highly variable results. For instance, a study by Akbar et al. [36] reported that 73% Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 18.48% resistant to chloramphenicol, 36% to nalidixic acid and 27% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Similarly, Odoch et al. [43] reported 50% isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 5.1% to tetracycline and 5.1% to chloramphenicol. The reason behind the variation in resistance rates could be related to the difference in antibiotics usage along with place and season of research. Osaili et al. reported all of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and the majority of isolates were sensitive to most of the tested antibiotics [44] which complies with our findings. Our findings were similar to the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella isolated from human suffering from diarrhoea and other enteric infections [45,46,47]. The similarity in the resistance pattern could be due to the usage of similar antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine.

Out of the total Shigella isolates, 100%, 80%, 60%, and 20% of them were resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and nalidixic acid respectively. Our results were higher than the similar study by Garedew et al. [48] which reported 46.9% and 9.4% isolates resistant to amoxicillin and tetracycline respectively. The higher resistance rates to different antibiotics in Nepal could be due to the excessive use and irrational prescription of antibiotics. In a study by Debas et al., all of the isolates were found sensitive to ciprofloxacin [49] which is similar to our study. The resistance pattern of Shigella isolates was in companion to some previous studies in human samples [45,46,47]. This resemblance might be due to the common prescription of antibiotics to human and veterinary medicine. Amoxicillin was resisted by all Vibrio isolates while a moderate rate of resistance was observed for tetracycline (40%). The resistance profile of Vibrio isolates was analogous to the previous study in seafood [50] but greater than the study on retail shrimps in Vietnam which reported only 24.6% resistant to tetracycline [51]. This difference in resistance profile could be correlated to time and place of study as the frequency of resistance varies from time to time and place to place. Our results demand the periodic evaluation of the resistance pattern of pathogens to overcome the growth of antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions

The marketed raw meat of eastern Nepal was highly contaminated with antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio. All of the bacterial isolates expressed resistance towards amoxicillin. The higher resistance was observed against tetracycline and chloramphenicol. So, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and amikacin should be preferred for the treatment of food-borne bacteria if they are suspected of animal origin. Prudent use of antibiotics should be followed by veterinarians and human medical practitioners. Contamination of meat with intestinal content during slaughtering and other cross contaminations should be minimized. Periodic evaluation of the resistance pattern of pathogens is essential. Routine monitoring of slaughtering conditions, awareness campaign and good kitchen practice should be promoted. Further characterization of isolated pathogens should be done to determine antimicrobial resistance genes and their transfer.

Limitations

Confirmation of bacteria by molecular methods was not performed. Species identification of Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio was not done. Similarly, serotyping of Salmonella was not done.

Availability of data and materials

All the required data and materials are provided in the manuscript.

Abbreviations

AST:

antibiotic susceptibility test

ATCC:

American Type Culture Collection

CLSI:

Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

SPSS:

Statistical Programme for Social Sciences

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:607–25.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Carbas B, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Investigation on the knowledge associated with food-borne diseases in consumers of northeastern Portugal. J Food Control. 2012;30(1):54–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhao C, Ge B, Villena J, Robert S, Emily Y, Shaohua Z, David G, David W, Jianghong M. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, turkey, pork and beef from the greater Washington D.C. Area. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67(12):5431–6.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Moawad AA, Hotzel H, Neubauer H, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Tomasolin H, Hafez HM, Roesler U, El-Adawy H. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from healthy broilers in Egypt: emergence of colistin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Gut Pathog. 2018;19(10):39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0266-5.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bhandare SG, Sherikar AT, Paturkar AM, Waskar VS, Zende RJ. A comparison of microbial contamination on sheep/goat carcasses in a modern Indian abattoir and traditional meat shops. J Food Control. 2007;18(7):854–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Griffin PM. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. In: Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Ravdin JI, Greenberg HB, Guerrant RL, editors. Infections of gastrointestinal tract. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p. 739–61.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Blaser MJ. Epidemiologic and clinical features of Campylobacter jejuni infections. J Infect Dis. 1997;176(Suppl. 2):S103–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sasidharan S, Prema B, Yoga Latha L. Antimicrobial drug resistance of S. aureus in dairy products. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):130–2.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Laxminarayan R. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:742–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Van Boeckel TP, Brower C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Robinson TP, Teillant A, Laxminarayan R. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:5649–54. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schjørring S, Krogfelt KA. Assessment of bacterial antibiotic resistance transfer in the gut. Int J Microbiol. 2011;2011:312956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Witte W. Medical consequences of antibiotics use in agriculture. Science. 1988;279:996–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang XX, Zhang T, Zhang M, Fang HH, Cheng SP. Characterization and quantification of class 1 integrons and associated gene cassettes in sewage treatment plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;82:1169–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-1886-y.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang XX, Zhang T, Fang HH. Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;82:397–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1829-z.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Caudry SD, Stanisch VA. Incidence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli associated with frozen chicken carcasses and characterization of conjugative R-plasmids derived from such strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979;16:701–9.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chaslus-Dancla E, Lafont JP. IncH plasmids in Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chicken carcasses. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985;49:1016–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Jayaratne A, Collins-Thompson DL, Trevors JT. Occurrence of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase subclass I and II structural genes among Enterobacteriaceae spp isolated from meat samples. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1990;33:547–52.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Turtura GC, Massa S, Chazvinizadeh H. Antibiotic resistance among coliform bacteria isolated from carcasses of commercially slaughtered chickens. Int J Food Microbiol. 1990;11:351–4.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Cooke EM, Breaden AL, Shooter RA, O’Farrell SM. Antibiotic sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from animals, food, hospital patients, and normal people. Lancet. 1971;2:8–10.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Amara A, Ziani Z, Bouzoubaa K. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated in Morocco from chickens with colibacillosis. Vet Microbiol. 1995;43:325–30.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Al Ghamdi MS, El Morsy F, Al Mustafa ZH, Al Ramadhan M, Hanif M. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry workers, patients and chicken in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Int Health. 1999;4:278–83.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Pereira V, Lopes C, Castro A, Silva J, Gibbs P, Teixeira P. Characterization for enterotoxin production, virulence factors, and antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus isolates from various foods in Portugal. Food Microbiol. 2009;26:278–82.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Fernández EÁ, Calleja CA, Fernández CG, Capita R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry in Spain: comparison between 1993 and 2006. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;153:281–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ghimire L, Singh DK, Basnet HB, Bhattarai RK, Dhakal S, Sharma B. Prevalence, antibiogram and risk factors of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in dressed porcine carcass of Chitwan, Nepal. BMC Microbiol. 2014;14:85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bantawa K, Rai K, Limbu DS, Khanal H. Food-borne bacterial pathogens in marketed raw meat of Dharan, eastern Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:618. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3722-x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Addis Z, Kebede N, Sisay Z, Alemayehu H, Yirsaw A, Kassa T. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from lactating cows and in contact humans in dairy farms of Addis Ababa: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. U.S. FDA: bacteriological analytical manual (BAM). Center for food safety and applied nutrition. https://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm200694.html. Accessed 22 Aug 2018.

  28. Garrity GM, Brennner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. The Proteobacteria, the Gammaproteobacteria. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  29. CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twentyfifth informational supplement. Wayne: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; 2015. https://www.facm.ucl.ac.be/intranet/CLSI/CLSI-2015-M100-S25-original.pdf. Accessed 23 Sept 2018.

  30. WHO. Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: guidance from a WHO Advisory Group. Geneva: WHO; 2013. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/agisar_guidance/en/. Accessed 24 Sept 2018.

  31. Spellberg B, Guidos R, Gilbert D. The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:155–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Walker B, Barrett S, Polasky S, Galaz V, Folke C, Engström G, Ackerman F, Arrow K, Carpenter S, Chopra K, Daily G, Ehrlich P, Hughes T, Kautsky N, Levin S, Mäler KG, Shogren J, Vincent J, Xepapadeas T, deZeeuw A. Environment looming global-scale failures and missing institutions. Science. 2009;325(5946):1345–6.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Tassew H, Abdissa A, Beyene G, Gebre-Selassie S. Microbial flora and food-borne pathogens on minced meat and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2010;20(3):137–43.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Rong D, Wu Q, Xu M, Zhang J, Yu S. Prevalence, virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus from retail aquatic products in China. Front Microbiol. 2017;2017(8):714. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Gousia P, Economou V, Sakkas H, Leveidiotou S, Papadopoulou C. Antimicrobial resistance of major food-borne pathogens from major meat products. Food-borne Pathog Dis. 2011;8(1):27–38. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Akbar A, Anal AK. Prevalence and antibiogram study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(2):163–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chao G, Zhou X, Jiao X, Qian X, Xu L. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of food-borne pathogens isolated from food products in China. Food-borne Pathog Dis. 2007;4(3):277–84.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN, Odoi A. An exploratory descriptive study of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from horses presented at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):269. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1196-z.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Sheikh AA, Checkley S, Avery B, Chalmers G, Bohaychuk V, Boerlin P, Reid-Smith R, Aslam M. Antimicrobial resistance and resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat purchased in Alberta, Canada. Food-borne Pathog Dis. 2012;9(7):625–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2011.1078.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Miles TD, McLaughlin W, Brown PD. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens and humans. BMC Vet Res. 2006;2:7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Atnafie B, Paulos D, Abera M, Tefera G, Hailu D, Kasaye S, Amenu K. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle faeces and contamination of carcass and various contact surfaces in abattoir and butcher shops of Hawassa, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-0938-1.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Van TT, Chin J, Chapman T, Tran LT, Coloe PJ. Safety of raw meat and shellfish in Vietnam: an analysis of Escherichia coli isolations for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;124(3):217–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.029.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Odoch T, Wasteson W, L’Abée-Lund T, Muwonge A, Kankyal C, Nyakarahuka L, Tegule S, Skjerve E. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella on Ugandan layer hen farms. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:365. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1291-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Osaili TM, Al-Nabulsi AA, Shaker RR, Jaradat ZW, Taha M, Al-Kherasha M, Meherat M, Holley R. Prevalence of Salmonella serovars, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Mediterranean ready-to-eat meat products in Jordan. J Food Prot. 2014;77(1):106–11. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-049.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ameya G, Tsalla T, Getu F, Getu E. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of Salmonella and Shigella infections among under-five children in Arba Minch, South Ethiopia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2018;17(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0253-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Gebreegziabher G, Asrat D, W/Amanuel Y, Hagos T. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella and Salmonella species from children with acute diarrhoea in Mekelle Hospital and Semen Health Center, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2018;28(2):197–206. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i2.11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Wasfy MO, Oyofo BA, David JC, Ismail TF, El-Gendy AM, Mohran ZS, Sultan Y, Peruski LF Jr. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter from acute enteric infections in Egypt. J Health Popul Nutr. 2000;18(1):33–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Garedew L, Hagos Z, Zegeye B, Addis Z. The detection and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella isolates from meat and swab samples at butchers’ shops in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(3):348–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Debas G, Kibret M, Biadglegne F, Abera B. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella species at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2011;49(3):249–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Elmahdi S, DaSilva LV, Parveen S. Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in various countries: a review. Food Microbiol. 2016;57:128–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.02.008.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Tra VT, Meng L, Pichpol D, Pham NH, Baumann M, Alter T, Huehn S. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio spp. in retail shrimps in Vietnam. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2016;129(1–2):48–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan for technical support and all the butchers for their co-operation.

Funding

This research was carried out from the financial assistance provided by the University Grant Commission, Nepal (Grant number 20) for the Masters Research Support Grant which was used for sample collection and analysis specially for purchasing culture media and antibiotic discs.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal

    Kamana Bantawa, Shiv Nandan Sah, Dhiren Subba Limbu, Prince Subba & Arjun Ghimire

Authors
  1. Kamana Bantawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shiv Nandan Sah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dhiren Subba Limbu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Prince Subba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Arjun Ghimire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

KB participated in study design, sample collection, processing, bacterial culture, data analysis, acquisition of fund and preparing the manuscript. SNS participated in sample collection, processing and bacterial identification and AST. DSL participated in AST, data analysis and interpretation. PS participated in bacterial culture, identification and assisted in manuscript preparation. AG participated in bacterial identification and AST. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kamana Bantawa.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

None required. This study was carried out as a part of the Thesis of Master of Science (M.Sc.) Microbiology and approved by Department of Microbiology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University. Consents of retail shopkeepers were taken orally before collecting samples.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bantawa, K., Sah, S.N., Subba Limbu, D. et al. Antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio isolated from chicken, pork, buffalo and goat meat in eastern Nepal. BMC Res Notes 12, 766 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4798-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4798-7

Keywords

  • S. aureus
  • E. coli
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Vibrio
  • Antibiotic resistance

BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

Contact us