Skip to main content
Download PDF

Salivary β2-microglobulin levels in patients with erosive oral lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma

BMC Research Notes volume 13, Article number: 294 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

β2 microglobulin, as a biomarker, is used for the diagnosis of oral malignant and pre-malignant lesions. The components of the microglobulin system can directly or indirectly help grow and develop tumors. The present study aims to compare beta-2 microglobulin levels in patients with lichen planus of the esophagus, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and healthy individuals. Further, it evaluated the salivary β2-microglobulin level in malignant and pre-malignant lesions. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic skin-mucus disorder. Of the total 75 patients referred to Oral Medicine at Dentistry School of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, 25 were healthy and 25 had oral lichen planus (OLP) and the rest had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To collect the saliva samples, unstimulated spitting was used. They were collected between 9 and 12 a.m. Salivary beta2 microglobulin was recorded based on the factory instructions by ELISA optical density method with 450 nm wavelength for each sample. The data were analyzed using descriptive, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (SPSS 21).

Results

The salivary β2 microglobulin level in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and oral lichen plan (OLP) is significantly higher than that in healthy group. Thus, this index is used for assessing early malignant transformation and oral pre-malignant lesion.

Introduction

Lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease and 50% of cases often have oral mucosa. The etiopathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP) has yet been poorly understood, but T cell-mediated immunity and inflammatory pathways play a part in its pathogenesis [1]. Many studies refer to autoimmune properties of OLP such as chronicity of the disease, prevalence in adulthood, an inclination to the females. involvement with other autoimmune diseases, an increase in immunosuppressive activity in patients with OLP, and the presence of auto-toxicity cells in OL lesions support the autoimmunity role of disease pathogenesis [2]. Considering that squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) have been developed from LP, several studies have focused on malignant transformation of OLP lesions to oral SCC (OSCC), as it has become a concerning global topic. Based on the definition of WHO, the term “oral lichen planus” is known as a potentially premalignant condition. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of oral cancer are not clearly known in patients with OLP, but OLP lesions can evolve from normal epithelium or precancerous lesions and the disruption of basement membrane may trigger the Keratinocyte (KC) apoptosis [3].

OSCCis the most common neoplasia of the oral cavity and a serious worldwide health problem; thus, understanding the SCC biomarkers is essential for early diagnosis, better prognosis and the prevention of disease recurrence and a good way to decrease the mortality of patients. Malignant transformation of oral mucosa causes the proliferation of cells, abnormal keratinization, epithelial dysplasia, increased cell motility, and angiogenesis due to gene mutation in cell growth and its regulation. Cancer occurs through genetic changes that cause deregulation of protein, poor cell division, and tissue differentiation, invasion, and metastasis [4].

Tumor indicators have recently been recognized for the early diagnosis of malignancy. In oral cavity carcinomas, different serum indicators including oncofetal proteins (alpha photo protein CEA), B proteins and enzymes (LDH) have been studied. One of the most significant indicators is β2 microglobulin, a protein with light (low weight) molecules (11,800 kDa).It is found on each surface of cell except for erythrocytes which are considered as a light unchangeable chain of compatible histologic antigens [5]. It is abundant in monocytes and lymphocytes [6]. In the normal physiologic state, some amounts of β2 microglobulin can be secreted to the cell or serum due to the intracellular release and it is often extracted from the blood by kidneys [7,8,9,10,11]. Thus, β2 concentration of microglobulin (β2M) is measured by the amount of production and secretion to serum and extraction by kidneys [12]. β2M concentration increases as a result of the kidney’s dysfunction and cells’ turnover [13]. Thus, in individuals with healthy kidneys, an increase in the β2M amount indicates the proliferation of the changed cells. Increasing β2M amount in serum was observed in some pathologic cases including kidney diseases, immunity deficiency, and autoimmune disease. Besides, there was a high level of β2M in some solid and hematologic cancers in the time of diagnosis [14, 15]. Saliva-based analysis has been proposed in recent years and the potentially abnormal markers of oral cavity appear in saliva directly or indirectly. Therefore, its application as a diagnostic fluid can be of special significance. Saliva is a diagnostic tool for assessing markers. It is advantageous because it is cheap for monitoring, safe for collecting, non-invasive, convenient, simple and reproducible, without causing discomfort to the patient [16,17,18].

Baliah et al. determined the β2M level in serum in patients with oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma; and compared to the control group. A total of 100 cases were classified in four groups: the first group contained patients with oral leukoplakia based on the clinical and histopathological reports; the second group consists of patients with oral submucous fibrosis; the third group includes patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the last one was the control group. Results have indicated that the mean level of β2M in the serum of the leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, OSCC patients and in the control group was 2597 ± 148.6, 2187.68 ± 678.6, 3166.04 ± 357.7, and 1542.60 ± 377.70 ng/mL, respectively. There was a significant increase in the mean level of β2M concentration in the first and the third groups compared to the control group. However, an increase in β2M concentration in patients with oral submucous fibrosis was not statistically significant. The present study has supported the hypothesis of using β2M concentration as an indicator in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma [19].

Diwan et al. studied the role of β2M as a tumor indicator in OSCC and leukoplakia patients. For this purpose, OSCC patients (n = 30), leukoplakia patients (n = 23), and normal individuals (n = 20) in the control group were analyzed. Using the logistic regression model, the effect of age and gender was removed from samples due to their influence on β2M concentration. Results showed that β2M concentration was higher in OSCC and leukoplakia patients compared to the control group. Thus, β2 microglobulin in serum can be used as an indicator in the diagnosis of these diseases. Increasing the concentration of β2 microglobulin was positively correlated with grading the histology of OSCC [20].

The study of Gonazales et al. aimed to assess the evidence on the ability to transform to malignant OLR, OLL, and different variables with the highest effect on the development of disease were determined [21]. They investigated 82 studies on a total of 26,742 patients by November 2018. The malignancy speed was reported OLR: 1.72, OLL: 1.88, OLP: 1.14. The analysis of subgroups showed that the ability to be transformed into malignancy depends on variables such as Epithelial dysplasia, the location of the lesion, smoking, consuming alcohol, type of lichen planus and accompanying lichen planus with hepatitis C.Giuliani et al. confirmed that OLP, OLL may be considered a potentially malignant disorder [22].

Thus, considering the high prevalence of oral cancers and oral lichen planus in Zahedan, the lack of similar study, and proving the safety and usefulness ofsaliva as a diagnostic method of oral cancer and Lichen planus, we have analyzed the β2M concentration in these patients.

Main text

Materials and methods

In this cross-sectional study, a group of patients including 25 patients with clinical lesions of OLP (bilateral lesions, popular and reticular lesions, and Wickham lines) and, if necessary, with histological confirmation (characterized by a band-like inflammatory infiltrate cells, limited to the surface area of the connective tissue; predominantly mature lymphocytes, accompanied by vascular degeneration of the basal layer of the epithelium); with no other oral lesions (group A), 25 patients with new SCC and reports of pathologist proving SCC, with no oral lesions (group B), and 25 individuals with no history of SCC or OLP lack of systemic disease and medication (group C). Patients who took corticosteroid or any kind of immunosuppressive drug for at least 1 week before the sampling, those who had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, hepatitis C, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, graft versus host disease, those who drink alcoholic beverages or smoke, pregnant women and patient with Gingivitis were excluded from the study. The participants signed the consent form before participating in the research proposal. Then, the intraoral examination was done by the specialist of oral diseases under a good unit light, a biopsy of the given area was done and handed to the department of pathology. The results were recorded in the data form. To collect the saliva samples in different groups and control group, unstimulated spitting was used. The samples were collected between 9 and 12 a.m. based on the pre-published protocol. The participants were asked to wash their mouth before spitting in certain tubes and sit upright 5 min after washing and spit in a 50 mL falcon. The samples were sent to the lab shortly after being collected and centrifuged at 2600 round at 4 °C for 15 min, proteinase inhibitor including 10 NL aprotinin (10 mg/mL), 10 NL phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (10 mg/mL and 3 NL Sodium orthovanadate (400,000 M, Na2) was added to each milliliter of a floating solution to prevent deregulation of protein. All of the samples were maintained at 80 °C and salivary β2-microglobulin level was recorded according to the instruction of the factory using ELISA kits and BOSTER biological made in France with a sensitivity of 95% and optical density at a wavelength of 450 nm. OSCC and OLP patients received treatment and follow-up.

The data were analyzed using descriptive, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (SPSS 21).

Result

In this study, the data collected from 75 participants were analyzed in three groups of 25 patients (healthy control, patients with OSCC, and patients with OLP). The results of this analysis are listed in subsequent paragraphs.

According to the data in Table 1, Kruskal–Wallis test suggested a significant difference among these three group Post-hoc Tukey test-pairwise comparison- suggested that β2-microglobulin in healthy group was significantly less than that in Oral lichen planus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma groups (P = 0.042); while it was the same in both groups of patients (P = 0.997) (Table 2). In case of β2-microglobulin presence, the predictive value of the positive test, negative test and efficiency of the test was 100%.

Table 1 The mean and standard deviation (SD) of β2-microglobulin (mg/L) in participants of each group (healthy controls, SCC, OLP)
Full size table
Table 2 LSD test for comparing the groups in pairs considering the level of β2-microglobulin (mg/L)
Full size table

Discussion

In many studies, saliva has been used as a diagnostic medium by dentists and physicians. A decrease and increase in cytokines and inflammatory mediators’ level with different diagnostic factors in saliva make sampling possible which can be done by the patient himself. Some experts considered saliva and it’s derivate a reflection of the physiologic and pathologic changes in the body [23, 24].

β2 microglobulin is a kind of protein with 11,800 kDa molecular weight synthesized by cells containing a nucleus. Its normal amount in the saliva is 2.06 ± 0.36 mg/L [25]. The present study was performed to analyze the level of β2M in the saliva of OSCC and oral lichen planus (OLP) patients. The results have indicated that β2M concentration in the control group was significantly less (0.691 ± 0.21 mg/L) than patients with OSCC (1.1 ± 44.41 mg/L) and OLP (1.1 ± 37.31 mg/L). The amount of β2M in the saliva of these patients is the same.

The study of RupkarPratic et al. indicated that serum level of β2M is a valuable diagnosis factor in the OLP and OSCC patients [26]. The results of their study are completely consistent with those of the present study.

Baliah et al. reported that serum beta-2 microglobulin in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma was significantly more than that in healthy people. Their study confirmed that beta-2 microglobulin can be applied as an indicator of the tumor for oral squamous cell carcinoma [19].

Various studies Diwan et al. [20], Agrawai et al. [27], Nosratzehi et al. [16] and Singh et al. [18]), suggested that beta-2 microglobulin is considered as a sensitive and specific indicator of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Kadam et al. has indicated that the serum level of these biomarkers has increased during the development of the disease from the first to the fourth step. These biomarkers are efficient for oral cancer [25].

Viashali and Tupkari have shown a significant relationship between β2M serum level and histological grading of SCC and introduced this biomarker as a sensitive test for diagnosis, analysis, and prognosis as well [28]. Some studies indicated different results. In this regard, Rasool et al. have suggested that the β2M blood level is a better indicator compared to its saliva level [29]. Though, in the present study, the β2M saliva level was significantly higher in patients rather than in normal people. This contradiction could be related to the small sample size, the intensity of the disease, and the patient’s age and sex. Thus, it is essential to determine the differentiated degree of the disease in measuring β2M saliva in metastatic patients.

Because the saliva is a non-invasive, cheap, simple and duplicable tool, it can be used as a diagnostic marker. It potentially analyzed the premalignant and malignant complications. The present study showed that the β2M level in normal people is significantly lower than that in OLP and OSCC patients; β2M concentration in patients with those diseases was the same.

Thus, the results of the present study suggest that these markers are useful for assessing early malignant change, the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and the invasiveness of the cancer of the oral cavity.

Limitations

It is suggested to perform the studies on larger samples considering different age groups and genders. It is recommended to measure the β2M level in different grades and stages of the oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Availability of data and materials

Data are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

β2M:

β2-Microglobulin

OLP:

Oral lichen planus

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma

OSCC:

OLP lesions to oral SCC

References

  1. Nosratzehi T. Oral lichen planus: an overview of potential risk factors, biomarkers and treatments. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(5):1161.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Agha-Hosseini F, Borhan-Mojabi K, Monsef-Esfahani HR, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Etemad-Moghadam S, Karagah A. Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Phytother Res. 2010;24(2):240–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2919.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Roopashree M, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth M, George J, Thippeswamy S, Shukla A. Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus—a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(10):729–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoffmann RR, Yurgel LS, Campos MM. Evaluation of salivary endothelin-1 levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia. Regul Pept. 2011;166(1–3):55–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Moore SR, Johnson NW, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. The epidemiology of mouth cancer: a review of global incidence. Oral Dis. 2000;6(2):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00104.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Shinkai S, Chaves PH, Fujiwara Y, Watanabe S, Shibata H, Yoshida H, et al. Beta2-microglobulin for risk stratification of total mortality in the elderly population: comparison with cystatin C and C-reactive protein. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(2):200–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tikidzhieva A, Benner A, Michel S, Formentini A, Link KH, Dippold W, et al. Microsatellite instability and Beta2-microglobulin mutations as prognostic markers in colon cancer: results of the FOGT-4 trial. Br J Cancer. 2012;106(6):1239–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Shi C, Zhu Y, Su Y, Chung LW, Cheng T. Beta2-microglobulin: emerging as a promising cancer therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today. 2009;14(1–2):25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2008.11.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nomura T, Huang WC, Zhau HE, Josson S, Mimata H, Chung LW. beta2-Microglobulin-mediated signaling as a target for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2014;14(3):343–52. https://doi.org/10.2174/18715206113139990092.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Astor BC, Shafi T, Hoogeveen RC, Matsushita K, Ballantyne CM, Inker LA, et al. Novel markers of kidney function as predictors of ESRD, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in the general population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(5):653–62. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.11.042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Liabeuf S, Lenglet A, Desjardins L, Neirynck N, Glorieux G, Lemke HD, et al. Plasma beta-2 microglobulin is associated with cardiovascular disease in uremic patients. Kidney Int. 2012;82(12):1297–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang Y-X, Wang L, Ji P-Y, Zhao G-G, Zhong G-P, Wang Z-P. Correlation of serum β2-microglobulin levels with prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, clinical stage, tumor metastasis and therapy efficacy in prostate cancer. Arch Med Res. 2013;44(4):259–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Li K, Du H, Lian X, Yang S, Chai D, Wang C, et al. Characterization of beta2-microglobulin expression in different types of breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:750. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Rossi D, Fangazio M, De Paoli L, Puma A, Riccomagno P, Pinto V, et al. Beta-2-microglobulin is an independent predictor of progression in asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2010;116(9):2188–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Prizment AE, Linabery AM, Lutsey PL, Selvin E, Nelson HH, Folsom AR, et al. Circulating beta-2 microglobulin and risk of cancer: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2016;25(4):657–64. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nosratzehi T. Salivary chemical factors in relation with oral cancer in smokers and non-smokers: a literature review. J Dent. 2017;18(4):237–43.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Saddiwal R, Hebbale M, Sane VD, Hiremutt D, Gupta R, Merchant Y. Estimation of serum beta 2-microglobulin levels in individuals exposed to carcinogens: clinical study in indian population. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2017;16(1):53–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-016-0914-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Singh AP, Kumar N, Raju MS, Singh NN, Nagendrareddy SG. Estimation of serum beta2-microglobulin in potentially malignant disorders and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: a clinicopathological study. Dent Res J. 2014;11(1):109–13.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Baliah J, Keluskar V, Malleshappa A, Livingstone D, Kayalvizhi EB. Estimation and comparison of serum β2-microglobulin level among patients with oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral squamous cell carcinoma and controls – an observational study. IJMSIR. 2017;2(5):116–21.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Diwan N, Chavan S, Motgi A, Khedkar SH, Sapkal R, Subramaniam AV. Evaluation of serum β2-microglobulin as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia. Arch Can Res. 2016;4:4–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gonzalez-Moles MA, Ruiz-Avila I, Gonzalez-Ruiz L, Ayen A, Gil-Montoya JA, Ramos-Garcia P. Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2019;96:121–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.07.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Giuliani M, Troiano G, Cordaro M, Corsalini M, Gioco G, Lo Muzio L, et al. Rate of malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Oral Dis. 2019;25(3):693–709. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. The diagnostic applications of saliva—a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(2):197–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Samaranayake L. Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Int Dent J. 2007;57:295–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kadam CH, Katkam R, Suryakar AN, Kumbar K, Kadam DP. Biochemical markers in oral cancer. Biomed Res. 2011;22(1):76–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rupakar P, Kureshi A, Balar A, Khatri M, Parmar M, Pujare P, Shah M. Estimation of serum β2-microglobulin in oral precancerous lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. NJIRM. 2016;7(4):51–5.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Agrawai B, Mody RN, Tadas A. Estimation and compation of serum β2-microglobulin in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia. J Res Dent. 2016;4(1):18–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Vaishali N, Tupkari J. An estimation of serum β-2 microglobulin level in premalignant lesions/conditions and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2005;9(1):16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rasool M, Khan SR, Malik A, Khan KM, Zahid S, Manan A, et al. Comparative studies of salivary and blood sialic acid, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative status in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30(3):466–71. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.303.4985.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

There is no acknowledgements of the present study.

Funding

There is no funding for the present study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Southern Khorasan, Iran

    Fatemeh Nosratzehi

  2. Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Tahereh Nosratzehi

  3. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Ebrahim Alijani

  4. Dental Research Center and Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Soha Saberi Rad

Authors
  1. Fatemeh Nosratzehi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tahereh Nosratzehi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ebrahim Alijani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Soha Saberi Rad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

FN and TN contributed to the conception and design of the study and the study protocol. TN and ea managed the day-to-day running of the study. SSR conducted data analysis and all authors helped with data interpretation. This manuscript was written by FN and EA with input from all co-authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tahereh Nosratzehi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study is approved by the ethics committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. All participants signed written consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nosratzehi, F., Nosratzehi, T., Alijani, E. et al. Salivary β2-microglobulin levels in patients with erosive oral lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Res Notes 13, 294 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05135-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05135-w

Keywords

  • Salivary β2-microglobulin
  • SCC
  • OLP

BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

Contact us