The incidence of penile cancer is low in developed countries; however, this neoplasm is still a problem in developing countries, reaching alarming levels [1]. The main risk factors are strongly related to socioeconomic conditions, genital hygiene habits, characteristics related to the foreskin and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection [2, 3]. The state of Maranhão—Northeastern Brazil–has the highest reported incidence of cancer of the penis (6.1 cases/100,000 ASR) and this fact is due to the high prevalence of risk factors in this region [4]. Maranhão is a poor state with highest prevalence of HPV infection in the country and has high rates of phimosis among the male population [5, 6]. Penile cancer is a poorly studied topic compared to other more prevalent neoplasms, and few studies have been published on the population of the state of Maranhão. Thus, it is expected that the description of the characteristics of this population will contribute to the prevention and management of penile neoplasia, particularly with regard to the understanding of related risk factors with new information. These data sets are useful for comparing this population with that in other regions of the world and the significant number of cases analyzed also gives the study an important statistical significance. Few advances have been made in the management of penile neoplasia in recent years, and this study also aims to provide theoretical ground for further research of the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Part of the data obtained in this study was used in three previously published studies [4, 5, 7], addressing the epidemiological and histopathological profile of penile cancer in Maranhão, as well as immunohistochemical analyzes related to the presence of HPV and of the p16INK4a protein in this sample.