BALB/c Mice resist infection with Bartonella bacilliformis
https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-1-103
© Henriquez et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
Received: 22 April 2008
Accepted: 28 October 2008
Published: 28 October 2008
Abstract
Background
Bartonellosis due to Bartonella bacilliformis is a highly lethal endemic and sometimes epidemic infectious disease in South America, and a serious public health concern in Perú. There is limited information on the immunologic response to B. bacilliformis infection. The objective of this research was to produce experimental infection of BALB/c mice to B. bacilliformis inoculation.
Findings
BALB/c mice were inoculated with 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 × 108 live B. bacilliformis using different routes: intraperitoneal, intradermal, intranasal, and subcutaneous. Cultures of spleen, liver, and lymph nodes from one to 145 days yielded no cultivable organisms. No organs showed lesions at any time. Previously inoculated mice showed no changes in the reinoculation site.
Conclusion
Parenteral inoculation of live B. bacilliformis via different infection routes produced no macroscopic or microscopic organ lesions in BALB/c mice. It was not possible to isolate B. bacilliformis using Columbia blood agar from 1 to 15 days after inoculation.
Keywords
Background
Carrion's disease is an infectious disease; endemic in some regions of Peru, Colombia and Ecuador [1]. The etiologic agent is Bartonella bacilliformis. In endemic areas, the incidence of infection has been estimated at 12.7/100 person-years [2]. Carrion's disease is present in the interandean valleys located between 500 and 3200 m above sea level [3, 4], where ecological conditions are favorable for sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia, some species of which transmit the disease [5]. No reservoirs other than humans have been implicated in endemic areas[6–9].
There is limited information on the immunologic response to Bartonella infection but it is widely known that antibodies are detectable in convalescent patients with long-term protective immunity [10–12]. The presence of chronic asymptomatic carriers in endemic areas and the appearance of the chronic phase contribute to the speculation that innate immunity and humoral immunity may not be completely effective in clearing Bartonella infection.
The most studied immunological model related to Carrion's disease is B. henselae infection, which results in a wide range of clinical conditions including Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) [13–15]. There is no good animal model for B. bacilliformis infection [16]. Sensitized rabbits with viable B. bacilliformis and increased their susceptibility to lethality of subsequently administered Bartonella metabolites. The objective of this research was to produce experimental infection of BALB/c mice to B. bacilliformis inoculation.
Methods
Bacterial strain
A single B. bacilliformis strain (ATCC#35685) and a recently isolated strain from an acute phase patient (IMTAVH#00032) was used in this study. B. bacilliformis stocks were grown on 10% sheep blood Columbia Agar flasks at 29°C. Bacteria were harvested in a laminar flow hood, scraping colonies off the agar surface into brain heart infusion (BHI) broth media. The cells were collected by centrifugation and suspended in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). Colony-forming units (CFU) of harvested Bartonella cultures were estimated using the Mc Farland turbidity scale (0.5 mL of tube 0.5 of Mc Farland scale ~1.5 × 108 CFU/mL).
Inoculations
B. bacilliformis was prepared as described above, and thawed on ice prior to inoculation. Forty six BALB/c mice (10–12 weeks old) were anaesthetized with ketamine and administered live B. bacilliformis by the routes indicated as described below. Additionally, forty six BALB/c control mice were inoculated with sterile saline.
For intraperitoneal (i.p.), intradermal (i.d.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization, mice were dosed with volumes of 200 – 500 μL containing around 1.5, 3, or 4.5 × 108 CFU of B. bacilliformis administered using a tuberculin syringe and needle. For oral immunizations, mice were dosed by using a 22-gauge gavages (force feeding) needle attached to a 1 mL syringe. For intranasal (i.n.) immunizations, mice were dosed with volumes of 10–50 μL containing around 1.5 × 108 CFU of B. bacilliformis administered into the nostrils using a micropipette fitted with a 200 μL tip. Following immunizations, mice were observed daily for signs of illness.
Animals were sacrificed at different times up to day 60 post-infection. Sections of formalin-fixed liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and lymph node tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Detection of B. bacilliformis in vivo
From all mice, bacterial loads in liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain and lymph nodes were determined by plating of 10-fold serial dilutions of organ homogenates on Columbia sheep blood agar. In addition, quantitative cultures of blood specimens were performed at the time of necropsy. Before samples were plated on Columbia agar, erythrocytes were lysed either by freezing and thawing or by vigorous mixing with distilled water. All cultures were incubated at 27°C for at least 4 weeks before being recorded as negative for growth.
Additionally, 4 i.d. immunized mice were subjected to intradermal skin testing with B. bacilliformis (using the harvested ATCC#35685 strain in 2 mice and the harvested IMTAVH#00032 strain in the other 2), to monitor delayed swelling reactions as an indication of specific immune induction. The mice were boosted i.d. with 3 × 108 CFU on day 50 after primary i.d. inoculation. One week after the boost, each mouse was challenged in the right dorsal skin with the same number of bacteria. The injection site was monitored at 24, 48, and 72 hours for swelling responses and compared to the control skin as an external negative control. Swelling was determined from three readings using a caliper.
Results
Experiments attempting infection of BALB/c mice with viable Bartonella bacilliformis
Exp | Route | No. of Micea | CFUb | Time to sacrifice | Results of H/E stain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | i.p. | 03 | 1.5 × 108 | 7 days | organs normal |
2 | i.p. | 05 | 1.5 × 108 | 6, 24 hs & 14 days | organs normal |
3 | i.p. | 05 | 1.5 × 108 | 6, 24 hs & 14 days | organs normal |
4 | s.c. | 03 | 4.5 × 108 | 24 hs | skin normal |
5 | s.c. | 02 | 4.5 × 108 | 30 days | skin normal |
6 | s.c. | 07 | 1.5 × 108 | 2, 6 & 8 hs | skin normal |
7 | Oral | 03 | 1.5 × 108 | 24 hs | organs normal |
8 | Oral | 05 | 1.5 × 108 | 24 hs | organs normal |
9 | i.n. | 04 | 1.5 × 108 | 24 hs | organs normal |
10 | i.d. | 03 | 4.5 × 108 | 7 days | skin normal |
11 | i.d. | 02 | 4.5 × 108 | 30 days | skin normal |
12b | i.d. | 02 | 3 × 108 | 24, 48 & 72 hs | No skin changes |
13c | i.d. | 02 | 3 × 108 | 24, 48 & 72 hs | No skin changes |
Spleen, liver, brain, and lymph nodes cultures did not show cultivable organisms within the first 6 hours, 24 hours, and 7–14 days of infection. No organisms could be recovered from blood or skin. Kidneys and lungs remained sterile throughout this experiment. Subsequent experiments with inoculate ranging from 1.5, 3, or 4.5 × 108 CFU yielded similar results.
One animal showed histopathological alterations, 24 hours after i.p. inoculation of 1.5 × 108 viable B. bacilliformis. Many abscesses were found in the liver of this mouse. Bacterial cultures were negative. Control mice were negative.
No other organs showed abscess at any time. No granulomatous lesions were found in hematoxylin and eosin stained liver sections.
Mice previously inoculated with live B. bacilliformis showed no change in the site of a second inoculation (dorsal skin).
Discussion
We have performed different mouse inoculation experiments with varying numbers of B. bacilliformis. No bacteria were recovered from organs of inoculated mice. The Columbia Blood agar has been used to isolate B. bacilliformis in the clinical practice and is the medium for growing our bacteria in experimental conditions. In our study the isolation of bacteria was not successful even when using high inocula. Factors involved in host specificity and ligand-receptor affinity can be involved in failure to reproduce infection by many Bartonella species in BALB/c mice [17]. Thin blood films were negative in our experiments; thus, there was no bacteremia in BALB/c mice at any time or by any inoculation route.
Intradermal and subcutaneous immunizations are the experimental routes of infection most similar to natural human infection, which is due to inoculation by the Lutzomyia bite. Our first experiments using the intradermal route do not show histopathological lesions in skin nor systemic infection even using higher inocula. Previously immunized mice with harvested ATCC#35685 strain have not shown any delayed-type hypersensitivity when they were exposed to the same strain 50 days later.
A recently isolated (supposedly actively pathogenic) strain from an acute phase patient was incapable of eliciting an intradermal immune response. Boosters after 50 days have not been useful to induce a cellular immune response using harvested bacteria. Karem et al [14] showed that two inoculations of B. henselae were enough to show a cellular immune response in BALB/c mice. Many boosters with B. bacilliformis may be necessary to induce a cellular response.
We have found only one animal with liver abscesses 24 hours post-inoculation. The sterile saline inoculated (control) mouse showed similar liver abscesses, probably attributed to a disease different to Bartonella.
Conclusion
The results of our experiments show that B. bacilliformis didn't produce macro and microscopic organ lesions or disease in BALB/c mice, using different inoculation routes, and that bacteremia was absent after one to 15 days after inoculation.
Intradermal re-inoculation of harvested B. bacilliformis didn't elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice even after a booster dose at 50 days of the primary inoculation.
BALB/c mice are not useful as models for the human B. bacilliformis infection, but exploration of their apparent resistance to infection may yield important immunological insights. New experiments to detect cytokine, immunoglobulin and cellular responses are necessary to develop these explorations.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Small Grant of the International Society of Infectious Disease (ISID).
Authors’ Affiliations
References
- Alexander B: A review of bartonellosis in Ecuador and Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995, 52: 354-359.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Maguiña C, Gotuzzo E: Bartonellosis. New and old. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000, 14: 1-22. 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70215-4.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chamberlin J, Laughlin L, Romero S, Solorzano N, Gordon S, Andre R, Pachas P, Friedman H, Ponce C, Watts D: Epidemiology ofendemic Bartonella bacilliformis: a prospective cohort study in a peruvian mountain valley community. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186: 983-90. 10.1086/344054.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ellis B, Rotz L, Lake J, Samalvides F, Bernable J, Ventura G, Padilla C, Villaseca P, Beati L, Regnery R, Childs J, Olson J, Carrillo C: An outbreak of acute bartonellosis (Oroya fever) in the Urubamba region of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 61 (2): 344-349.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ogosuku E, Perez J, Paz L, Nieto E, Monge J, Guerra H: Identification of blood meal sources of Lutzomya spp. in Perú. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1994, 88: 329-335.Google Scholar
- Birtles R, Canales J, Ventosilla P, Alvarez E, Guerra H, Llanos A, Raoult D, Doshi N, Harrison T: Survey of Bartonella species infecting intradomicillary animals in the Huayllacallan valley, Ancash, Perú, a region endemic for human bartonellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 60 (5): 799-805.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gray G: An epidemic of Oroya fever in the Peruvian Andes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990, 42 (3): 215-221.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kosek M, Lavarello R, Gilman R, Delgado J, Maguiña C, Verastegui M, Lescano A, Mallqui V, Kosek J, Recavarren S, Cabrera L: Natural history of infection with Bartonella bacilliformis in a nonendemic population. J Infect Dis. 2000, 182: 865-872. 10.1086/315797.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Maguiña C, Garcia P, Gotuzzo E, Spach D: Bartonellosis (Carrion's disease) in the modern era. Clin Infect Dis. 2001, 33: 772-779. 10.1086/322614.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Patruco R: Estudio de los parámetros inmunológicos en pacientes portadores de la enfermedad de Carrión. Diagnostico. 1983, 12: 138-144.Google Scholar
- Knobloch J: Analysis and preparation of Bartonella bacilliformis antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988, 39: 173-178.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Knobloch J, Schreiber M: Bb65, a major immunoreactive protein of Bartonella bacilliformis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990, 43: 373-379.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jackson L, Perkins B, Wenger J: Cat scratch disease inthe United Status: An analisis of three nacional databases. Am J Public Health. 1993, 83: 1707-1711.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Karem K, Dubois K, McGill S, Regnery R: Characterization of Bartonella henselae specific immunity in BALB/c mice. Immunology. 1999, 97: 352-358. 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00750.x.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Arvand M, Ignatius R, Regnath T, Hahn H, Mielke M: Bartonella henselae specific cell-mediated immune responses display a predominatly Th1 phenotype in experimentally infected C57BL/6 mice. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 6427-6433. 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6427-6433.2001.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mitchell P, Slack J: Hyper-reactivity of rabbits sensitized with Bartonella bacilliformis. J Bacteriol. 1966, 92: 769-779.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kosoy M, Saito E, Green D, marston E, Jones D, Childs J: Experimental evidence of host specificity of Bartonella infection in rodents. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000, 23 (4): 221-238. 10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00075-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
