- Short Report
- Open Access
Health-related quality of life in a trial of acupuncture, sham acupuncture and conventional treatment for chronic sinusitis
https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-1-37
© Stavem et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
- Received: 14 February 2008
- Accepted: 27 June 2008
- Published: 27 June 2008
Abstract
Background
Acupuncture is commonly used to treat chronic sinusitis, though there is little documentation on the effect. This study presents the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in a trial comparing traditional Chinese acupuncture, sham acupuncture, and conventional treatment for chronic sinusitis.
Findings
In a three-armed single blind randomized controlled study, we recruited 65 patients with symptoms of sinusitis >3 months and signs of sinusitis on computed tomography (CT). Patients were randomized to one of three study arms: (1) 2–4 weeks of medication with antibiotics, corticosteroids, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and local decongestants (n = 21), (2) ten treatments with traditional Chinese acupuncture (n = 25), or (3) ten treatments with minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints (n = 19). Change in HRQoL was assessed over 12 weeks using the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS) and Short form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires.
In the study, we found only a non-significant difference on the CSS symptom scale between conventional medical therapy and traditional Chinese acupuncture. On the SF-36 scale role-physical the change was larger in the conventional group than in the sham group (p = 0.02), and on the mental health scale the change in the conventional therapy arm was larger than in the traditional Chinese acupuncture group (p = 0.03). There was no difference in effect on HRQoL on any scale between the sham and traditional Chinese acupuncture groups.
Conclusion
There was no clear evidence of the superiority of one treatment over another on short-term HRQoL outcomes, although there was a statistically non-significant advantage of conventional therapy in a few dimensions.
Keywords
- Sinusitis
- Chronic Sinusitis
- Sham Acupuncture
- Maxillary Sinusitis
- Mental Health Scale
Background
Treatment of chronic sinusitis is a well-established procedure in traditional Chinese acupuncture, and acupuncture is commonly used to relieve sinusitis and nasal symptoms [1–3]. The symptoms of chronic sinusitis are not easy to measure or quantify, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has recently gained increasing awareness as an outcome measure for interventions in chronic sinusitis [4–6].
Previous studies have reported a favourable effect of acupuncture in children and young adults with chronic maxillary sinusitis, compared with antibiotics and laser acupuncture [7], and that acupuncture is effective in sinusitis or sinus pain [8, 9]. Recently, we reported only a nonsignificant advantage of conventional treatment compared with acupucture on symptoms in a three-armed randomized study for CT-verified chronic sinusitis [10]. The report focused on changes in symptoms, sinus soft tissue swelling on CT, and the two SF-36 component summary scales. However, in the study we also included a disease-specific outcome measure, the Chronic sinusitis survey (CSS), which was not validated in Norwegian at the time, but that might be more sensitive to change than the other HRQoL measures [4].
In the present study, we report the full HRQoL outcomes from this trial of conventional medical treatment, traditional Chinese acupuncture and minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints for CT-verified chronic sinusitis.
Methods
Subjects, study design and interventions
We included patients >17 years of age with sinusitis symptoms for >3 months and sinus swelling, fluid retention, or opacification on CT after screening >500 patients with sinusitis. We excluded patients if they were pregnant, had previously had acupuncture treatment, had been operated on for chronic sinusitis, had polypous sinusitis or pansinusitis, or used medication that could influence the results of the study. In total, 66 patients were included between 1996 and 2000. We recruited patients from one ear-nose-throat practice and advertised the study in local newspapers and a magazine. One otorhino-laryngologist examined and included all patients. He allocated them to one of three groups according to a six-block randomization algorithm, by first assigning a patient number to each patient. He then phoned one of the acupuncturists to receive information about the group allocation for that particular patient [10]. The groups were (1) conventional medical therapy, (2) traditional Chinese acupuncture (TCA), or (3) minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints (sham). No patients were included between February and September to avoid influence from seasonal allergies.
All patients in the conventional medical therapy group used xylometazoline as local vasoconstrictor, and 0.9% sodium chloride solution locally for one week, and oral corticosteroids for 14 days. In addition, 14 patients used cefalexin 1500 mg daily for 10 days and six used azithromycin 500 mg for 7 days.
Both acupuncture groups had 10 treatments with bilateral acupoints over 4 weeks, performed by the same experienced acupuncturists with 4–10 years of experience and with experience in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. The TCA group patients had individual TCM diagnoses and treatment using 1.0–1.5 cun needles (Ø 0.28 mm, length 25–40 mm). The needles were inserted to from 0.5 cun (facial/hand/feet area) to a maximum of 1.3 cun (arms/legs/trunk area) depth to achieve a good needle sensation, stimulated manually using reducing or reinforcing methods and left in the acupoints for 25 minutes [10, 11].
In the sham treatment group, the patients were given minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints outside the meridians. One point was situated on each shoulder between LI 15 and TE 14, one on each thigh 3 cun above the midpoint of the patella, and two bilateral points were situated 2.5 cun lateral to the umbilicus. For the sham group, we used 0.5 cun needles (Ø 0.25 mm, length 13 mm) A shallow, superficial insertion of the needle (maximum depth 0.25 cun) and minimal needle sensation was emphasized. The needles were left in the points for 25 minutes[10, 12]. We applied the same sham points during each treatment session. In all treatment groups, medication used for other indications remained unchanged.
Outcome assessment
The participants responded to a questionnaire in the physician's office at baseline and after 12 weeks, including the Chronic sinusitis survey and Short Form 36 questionnaires.
Chronic sinusitis survey
The Chronic sinusitis survey (CSS) is a 6-item duration-based, sinus-specific questionnaire with a symptom and a medication subscale for use in chronic sinusitis [4, 5, 13]. Scores were reported on a 0–100 scale, where 100 represents minimal symtoms or medication use. The Norwegian version of the CSS has only recently been validated [14].
Short form 36
The Short form 36 (SF-36) assesses eight dimensions of health status including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health [15, 16]. The scales were scored from 0 (lowest level of functioning) to 100 (highest level of functioning). The SF-36 has been extensively validated [15, 16] and used in subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis [13, 17–19]. We used the Norwegian standard SF-36 version 1.2 [20].
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics are presented with means and SDs, or percentages. We compared changes in HRQoL from baseline to 12 weeks between groups using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's test because of multiple comparisons.
The required sample size was initially estimated to two groups of 22 patients, to detect a group difference of 0.85 SD on a visual analog scale, with power 0.8 and a 5% confidence level. Before study start, the study protocol was adjusted to include a third arm with 22 patients [10].
We omitted pairwise comparisons of changes on the CSS medication effects and total scales involving the conventional treatment group, because medication was part of the protocol for this group.
We chose a 5% confidence level, using two-sided tests. The Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics and The Norwegian Data Inspectorate approved the study.
Results
Patient baseline characteristics and HRQoL scores according to allocation group, mean (SD)
Acupuncture | Sham | Conventional | |
|---|---|---|---|
n | 23–25 | 17–19 | 19–21 |
Women, number (%) | 11 (44) | 9 (47) | 13 (62) |
Age | 41 (14) | 47 (14) | 42 (13) |
Duration of chronic sinusitis in years | 7 (8) | 12 (14) | 10 (11) |
Chronic sinusitis survey 1 | |||
Sinusitis symptoms | 48 (23) | 40 (24) | 33 (31) |
Medication effects | 84 (21) | 85 (16) | 82 (15) |
Total | 65 (16) | 62 (16) | 58 (15) |
Short form 36 2 | |||
Physical functioning | 77 (25) | 85 (15) | 86 (15) |
Role – physical | 48 (41) | 61 (40) | 54 (41) |
Bodily pain | 57 (22) | 61 (25) | 60 (25) |
General health | 48 (21) | 71 (17) | 60 (25) |
Vitality | 42 (24) | 51 (21) | 49 (23) |
Social functioning | 67 (27) | 72 (23) | 69 (28) |
Role – emotional | 61 (38) | 69 (34) | 67 (42) |
Mental health | 75 (16) | 78 (11) | 69 (21) |
Change in HRQoL scores from baseline to 12 weeks, mean (SD) unless otherwise stated
Change score | Mean difference between change scores | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Acupuncture | (2) Sham | (3) Conventional | (1) – (2) | (95%CI) | p3 | (3) – (2) | (95%CI) | p3 | (3) – (1) | (95%CI) | p3 | |
n | 15–18 | 14–16 | 16–17 | |||||||||
Chronic sinusitis survey 1 | ||||||||||||
Sinusitis symptoms | 11 (23) | 8 (24) | 32 (41) | 3 | (-24 to 31) | 0.96 | 24 | (-3 to 51) | 0.09 | 24 | (-3 to 52) | 0.14 |
Medication effects | -0.5 (18) | 8 (22) | -10 (21) | -9 | (-26 to 9) | 0.44 | * | * | ||||
Total | 6 (15) | 7 (18) | 10 (24) | -1 | (-19 to 17) | 0.99 | * | * | ||||
Short Form 36 2 | ||||||||||||
Physical functioning | 1 (16) | 0.5 (13) | 6 (17) | 1 | (-12 to 14) | 0.99 | 5 | (-8 to 18) | 0.58 | 5 | (-8 to 17) | 0.68 |
Role – physical | -3 (48) | -12 (39) | 28 (36) | 9 | (-44 to 25) | 0.8 | 40 | (5 to 75) | 0.02 | 31 | (-3 to 65) | 0.08 |
Bodily pain | 2 (23) | 5 (23) | 16 (20) | -3 | (-21 to 15) | 0.92 | 11 | (-7 to 29) | 0.33 | 14 | (-4 to 32) | 0.16 |
General health | 2 (22) | -4 (18) | 10 (21) | 6 | (-11 to 23) | 0.67 | 14 | (-3 to 31) | 0.13 | 8 | (-9 to 25) | 0.48 |
Vitality | -1 (20) | 4 (16) | 13 (31) | -5 | (-25 to 14) | 0.8 | 8 | (-11 to 28) | 0.56 | 13 | (-6 to 33) | 0.21 |
Social functioning | 7 (15) | 5 (22) | 15 (23) | 1 | (-15 to 18) | 0.98 | 9 | (-8 to 26) | 0.4 | 8 | (-9 to 24) | 0.5 |
Role – emotional | -4 (36) | 7 (31) | 24 (40) | -10 | (-41 to 20) | 0.69 | 17 | (-14 to 48) | 0.4 | 27 | (-2 to 57) | 0.08 |
Mental health | -3 (10) | 0 (12) | 10 (20) | -3 | (-15 to 9) | 0.82 | 10 | (-2 to 22) | 0.12 | 13 | (1 to 25) | 0.03 |
In the conventional treatment group all eight SF-36 scales improved over the 12-week period (Table 2). Only two comparisons of the improvements were statistically significant: conventional medicine vs. sham on the Role-physical scale and conventional medicine vs. TCA on the Mental health scale. There was no statistical difference between TCA and sham on any of the SF-36 scales (Table 2).
Discussion
In this study of patients with CT-verified chronic sinusitis, there was a small improvement on the CSS sinusitis symptom scale in all three groups over 12 weeks. The improvement was largest for conventional treatment, however statistically not significantly different from the change in the two other allocation groups. On the eight SF-36 scales, there were only significant differences in favor of the conventional group on one scale compared with TCA and on one scale compared with sham.
The short-term changes in the present report are in line with our previous report using CT soft tissue swelling, symptoms and summary scales of the SF-36 as outcomes [10]. Comparison with other studies is difficult because of differences in criteria for establishing the diagnosis of sinusitis, patient selection, lack of feasible control groups, and use of different outcomes [7]. There was some difference in the proportion of patients with opacification on sinus CT between the randomized groups. In this randomized study, this distribution was by chance. We have no reason to believe that this influenced the outcome of the study. Further, we cannot exclude that some of the patients may have had symptoms of perennial rhinitis, though we have no reason to believe that this contributed to a difference in outcome between the three groups.
A strength of the present study is the randomized design and the blinding of the patients to the type of acupuncture given. We used validated instruments for HRQoL assessment; the disease-specific CSS and the well-known SF-36. The small sample size, and the three intervention groups, which required adjustment for multiple comparisons, limited the study power. It is possible that the study was underpowered, and that the differences in favor of the conventional treatment group would have been statistically significant in a larger study.
We used minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints to emulate TCA, using a penetrating or invasive sham procedure on points that were considered inappropriate for treatment of sinusitis. The lack of standardization of treatments may represent a limitation of the study. The TCA was not standardized, but tailored to the individual patient according to the traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis. Similarly, the conventional medical therapy was not entirely standardized, although all patients had a common core of local therapy and oral corticosteroids.
Because we included only patients with CT-verified chronic sinusitis, only 10–15% of the examined patients were eligible. CT-verified sinusitis is poorly associated with symptoms [21–23]. Therefore, one should be cautious with generalization beyond patients with CT-verified sinus soft tissue swelling. In clinical practice the treatment of sinusitis is initiated without CT scan, and the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis typically implies having had sinusitis symptoms for >3 months. Finally, our patients had longer duration of chronic sinusitis, with mean symptom duration >9 years, and therefore may represent a therapy-resistant population.
Conclusion
We conclude that in this single blind randomized trial, there was no clear evidence of short-term improvement of one treatment over another. However, there was a non-significant advantage of conventional therapy, but this should be reassessed in a larger trial and with less restrictive inclusion criteria. There was no difference in change in HRQoL between TCA and minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Oddveig Birkeflet and Lars-Erik Søholt for their important contribution to data collection and to Gunvor Ruus and Gaute Mehl for assistance during the study.
Authors’ Affiliations
References
- Krouse HJ, Krouse JH: Complementary therapeutic practices in patients with chronic sinusitis. Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 1999, 3: 346-52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Blanc PD, Trupin L, Earnest G, Katz PP, Yelin EH, Eisner MD: Alternative therapies among adults with a reported diagnosis of asthma or rhinosinusitis: data from a population-based survey. Chest. 2001, 120: 1461-7. 10.1378/chest.120.5.1461.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pletcher SD, Goldberg AN, Lee J, Acquah J: Use of acupuncture in the treatment of sinus and nasal symptoms: results of a practitioner survey. Am J Rhinol. 2006, 20: 235-7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gliklich RE, Hilinski JM: Longitudinal sensitivity of generic and specific health measures in chronic sinusitis. Qual Life Res. 1995, 4: 27-32. 10.1007/BF00434380.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gliklich RE, Metson R: Techniques for outcomes research in chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1995, 105: 387-90.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Atlas SJ, Metson RB, Singer DE, Wu YA, Gliklich RE: Validity of a new health-related quality of life instrument for patients with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2005, 115: 846-54. 10.1097/01.MLG.0000157693.92975.02.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pothman R, Yeh HL: The effects of treatment with antibiotics, laser and acupuncture upon chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Am J Chin Med. 1982, 10: 55-8. 10.1142/S0192415X82000099.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fischer MV, Behr A, von Reumont J: Acupuncture – a therapeutic concept in the treatment of painful conditions and functional disorders. Report on 971 cases. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1984, 9: 11-29.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Melchart D, Streng A, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Witt C, Wagenpfeil S, Pfaffenrath V, Hammes M, Hummelsberger J, Irnich D, Weidenhammer W, Willich SN, Linde K: Acupuncture in patients with tension-type headache: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2005, 331: 376-82. 10.1136/bmj.38512.405440.8F.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rossberg E, Larsson PG, Birkeflet O, Soholt LE, Stavem K: Comparison of traditional Chinese acupuncture, minimal acupuncture at non-acupoints and conventional treatment for chronic sinusitis. Complement Ther Med. 2005, 13: 4-10. 10.1016/j.ctim.2005.01.002.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xinnong C: Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. 1987, Beijing: Foreign Languages PressGoogle Scholar
- Kloster R, Larsson PG, Lossius R, Nakken KO, Dahl R, Xiu-Ling X, Wen-Xin Z, Kinge E, Edna R: The effect of acupuncture in chronic intractable epilepsy. Seizure. 1999, 8: 170-4. 10.1053/seiz.1999.0278.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gliklich RE, Metson R: Effect of sinus surgery on quality of life. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997, 117: 12-7. 10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70199-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stavem K, Rossberg E, Larsson PG: Reliability, validity and responsiveness of a Norwegian version of the Chronic Sinusitis Survey. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006, 6: 9-10.1186/1472-6815-6-9.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ware JE, Snow KK, Gandek B: SF-36 health survey. Manual and interpretation guide. 1993, Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical CenterGoogle Scholar
- McHorney CA, Ware JE, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD: The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care. 1994, 32: 40-66. 10.1097/00005650-199401000-00004.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Anderson ER, Murphy MP, Weymuller EAJ: Clinimetric evaluation of the Sinonasal Outcome Test-16. Student Research Award 1998. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999, 121: 702-7. 10.1053/hn.1999.v121.a100114.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Metson RB, Gliklich RE: Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2000, 110: 24-8. 10.1097/00005537-200003002-00007.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- van Agthoven M, Fokkens WJ, Merwe van de JP, van Bolhuis EM, Uyl-de Groot CA, Busschbach JJ: Quality of life of patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis: effects of filgrastim treatment. Am J Rhinol. 2001, 15: 231-7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Loge JH, Kaasa S: Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey: normative data from the general Norwegian population. Scand J Soc Med. 1998, 26: 250-8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mudgil SP, Wise SW, Hopper KD, Kasales CJ, Mauger D, Fornadley JA: Correlation between presumed sinusitis-induced pain and paranasal sinus computed tomographic findings. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002, 88: 223-6.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stankiewicz JA, Chow JM: A diagnostic dilemma for chronic rhinosinusitis: definition accuracy and validity. Am J Rhinol. 2002, 16: 199-202.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stewart MG, Sicard MW, Piccirillo JF, Diaz-Marchan PJ: Severity staging in chronic sinusitis: are CT scan findings related to patient symptoms?. Am J Rhinol. 1999, 13: 161-7. 10.2500/105065899781389704.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
