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  • Research article
  • Open Access

Sccmec type II gene is common among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Jakarta, Indonesia

  • 1,
  • 2Email author,
  • 2,
  • 3 and
  • 3
BMC Research Notes20136:110

https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-110

©  Buntaran et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013

  • Received: 30 August 2012
  • Accepted: 18 March 2013
  • Published:

Abstract

Background

Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a strain of MRSA that can cause infections in patients in the community, in which these patients had no previous risk factors for MRSA infection and the patient received 72 hours prior to infection when admitted to hospital. This study aims to determine and compare the characteristics of epidemiological, clinical, and molecular biology of CA-MRSA with HA-MRSA.

Methods

A total of 11 clinical strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Stapylococcus aureus (MSSA) were collected from 2 hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2012. SCCmec typing was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the presence of six genes (vraR, vraG, vraA, vraF,fruA, and fruB) associated with vancomycin resistance was examined by simple PCR analysis.

Results

We found three strains of community-acquired MRSA with SCCmec type II and one strain of hospital-acquired MRSA with SCCmec type IV. The other seven strains did not contain mecA genes and SCCmec. Plasmid pUB110 was found in one strain of community-acquired MRSA and two strains of hospital-acquired MRSA. vraA genes were present in 9 of the 11 strains, vraF in 4, vraG in 5, and vraR in 4. Note worthily, three quarters of strains without pUB110 contained vraR and vraF, and 70% contained vraA, whereas 60% of strains with pUB110 contained vraG.

Conclusion

Based on these results, we should be concerned about the possibility of transition from MRSA strains sensitive to vancomycin in VISA strains of MRSA strains obtained in clinical trials. But first we need to look the existence of natural VISA or hVISA among these MRSA strains.

Keywords

  • Vancomycin
  • Linezolid
  • Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Tigecyclin
  • SCCmec Type

Background

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a wide variety of infections with clinical symptoms ranging from mild skin infections to severe deep infections. One of the important strains frequently found among nosocomial infections is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [1]. Data from the previous study showed higher prevalence and variations of MRSA in countries of the Asia-Pacific region than in Europe [2]. In some countries, such as Korea, Hong Kong, and Japan, the prevalence even exceeded 70% of all S. aureus isolated from hospitalized patients [3–6].

MRSA is resistant to methicillin and other related β-lactam antibiotics, such as cefoxitin and oxacillin [1]. Initially, MRSA infections were associated only with infection exposure in health care and hospital settings, and were therefore referred to as Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) [7]. Two decades ago, Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) started to emerge among MRSA isolates from individuals with no or minimal exposure to health care facilities [8, 9]. Currently, this strain tends to be more common among S. aureus infections as it is increasingly reported, particularly among children and young adults [8–11]. CA-MRSA strains are roughly classified into two main groups. The first group consists of CA-MRSA strains that are resistant to mono beta-lactam or beta-lactams and erythromycin and usually infect healthy patients who are not predisposed to MRSA [12]. The second group consists of MRSA strains isolated from individuals who have risk factors for infection [13]. Clinically, the CA-MRSA strains can be isolated from severe infections such as osteomyelitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonia [14–17].

The rapid evolvement and continuous spread of new MRSA strains may due to their capability to acquire and to use antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by mobile genetic elements such as Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec)[18–21]. SCCmec is a mobile genetic element which harbors the methicillin resistance gene mecA[22]. Based on mec and ccr gene complex variations, there are 11 SCCmec types have been described so far, and also some subtypes or sub variations have been identified [20, 23–25]. Interestingly these genotype variations also reflected their antimicrobial characteristic [26]. SCCmec types I-III are associated with HA-MRSA isolates, while types IV and V have been found related to CA-MRSA [26, 27]. A previous study reported that up to 80% of MRSA isolates were of sequence type 22-MRSA-SCCmec type IV (ST22-MRSA-IV) [28].

Several reports have indicated the possibility that the incidence of CA-MRSA infection would surpass that of HA-MRSA infection [16, 29, 30]. Considering the wide spread of CA-MRSA in Asian countries in particular, there is an urgent need of epidemiological or molecular studies of this strain to guide targeting of effective therapeutic agents. In the present study, therefore, we studied the molecular variation of MRSA isolates obtained from two hospitals in Jakarta in the year 2012. We found that SCCmec type II was the predominant SCCmec type among these clinical isolates. As the main therapy for MRSA, vancomycin may contribute to the emergence of a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain. As previously reported, VISA can emerge from a vancomycin susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strain during chronic infection – but the genetic factors tcontributing to this phenomenon still need to be further defined [31–34]. Therefore we also studied certain VISA gene variations of these strains.

Methods

Bacterial strains

A total of 11 clinical strains of S. aureus were collected in 2012 from two hospitals in Jakarta: RSAB Harapan Kita and Siloam Kebun Jeruk, Indonesia (Table 1). Only one strain per patient was included. Isolates of S.aureus colonies were identified on the basis of pigments and clotting factors. Zone barriers were determined on Mueller-Hinton agar according to the Clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. Strains were incubated at 35º for 18 hours then the diameter of inhibition zone was determined. Amoxicillin clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, vancomysin, linezolid, teicoplanin, tigecyclin, and fosfomycin were tested. Breakpoint for the definition of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus was based on CDC guidelines manual.
Table 1

Characteristics of clinical samples with SCC mec typing, plasmid pUB110 and the sensitivity of non beta- lactam antibiotics

Sample

Specimens

SCCmec

pUB 110

SXT

CC

AN

CIP

LVFX

VA

TEC

TGC

FOS

LZ

4

Urine

IV

+

R

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

9

Sputum

II

+

R

R

S

R

R

S

S

S

R

S

11

Throat swab

II

+

R

R

S

R

R

S

S

S

R

S

10

Pus

II

-

R

R

S

R

R

S

S

S

R

S

1

Blood

-

-

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

2

Blood

-

-

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

3

Bronchial discharge

-

-

R

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

R

S

5

Blood

-

-

R

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

R

S

6

Urine

-

-

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

7

Urine

-

-

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

8

Urine

-

-

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

 

S

Genomic DNA isolation

Total genomic DNA was isolated using the Wizard® genomic DNA purification kit (Promega corporation, Madison, WI, USA).

Multiplex PCR for SCCmec typing

Multiplex PCR included eight loci (A through H) selected on the basis of mec element sequences described in previous reports [35]. And the primers have been described on previous reports (Table 2) [36, 37]. PCR was performed on a volume of 50 mL using a Gene Amp PCR kit (Applied Biosystems, New Jersey, USA) and a kit containing the following: 1x PCR buffer II; 200 μM (each) deoxynucleoside triphosphate; 400 nM primer CIF2 F2, CIF2 R2, MECI P2, P3 MECI, RIF5 F10, RIF5 R13, R1 pUB110, and pT181 R1; 800 nM primer F2 DCS, DCS R2, P4 MECA, MECA P7 and P4 IS431; 200 nM primers KDP F1, KDP R1, RIF4 F3, and RIF4 R9; 1.25 U Ampli Taq, and approximately 5 ng of DNA template. The ASTEC program temperature control system PC-701 DNA thermo cycler was programmed as follows: 10 min at 95°C, 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 94°C, 30 seconds at 53°C, and 1 min at 72°C, and 10 minutes at 72°C. Samples were stored at 4°C until analysis. Ten-mL aliquot of the PCR products electrophoresed on 2% agarose gel (contained ethidium bromide) for 30 minutes at 100 V. Gel then photographed under ultraviolet light.
Table 2

Primers used in multiplex PCR for SCC mec typing

Locus

Name

Oligonecleotide sequence (5’-3)

Amplicon size (bp)

Specificity ( SCCmec type)

A

CIF2 F2

TTCGAGTTGCTGATGAAGAAGG

495

I

CIF2 R2

ATTTACCACAAGGACTACCAGC

B

KDP F1

AATCATCTGCCATTGGTGATGC

284

II

KDP R1

CGAATGAAGTGAAAGAAAGTGG

C

MECI P2

ATCAAGACTTGCATTCAGGC

209

II, III

MECI P3

GCGGTTTCAATTCACTTGTC

D

DCS F2

CATCCTATGATAGCTTGGTC

342

I, II, IV

DCS R1

CTAAATCATAGCCATGACCG

E

RIF4 F3

GTGATTGTTCGAGATATGTGG

243

III

RIF4 R9

CGCTTTATCTGTATCTATCGC

F

RIF5 F10

TTCTTAAGTACACGCTGAATCG

414

III

RIF5 R13

GTCACAGTAATTCCATCAATGC

G

IS431 P4

CAGGTCTCTTCAGATCTACG

381

pUB11C

Pub110 R1

GAGCCATAAACACCAATAGCC

H

IS431 P4

CAGGTCTCTTCAGATCTACG

303

III

pT181 R1

GAAGAATGGGGAAAGCTTAC

mecA

MECA P4

TCCAGATTACAACTTCACCAGG

162

Positive control

 

MECA P7

CCACTTCATATGTTGTAGG

PCR analysis of genes related to VISA

Six genes associated with VISA strains, vraR, vraG, vraA, vraF, fruA, and fruB, were selected for PCR analysis [38]. PCR amplification was performed using primers designed from the published NCBI sequence (Table 3). PCR reaction was performed in 13 ml reaction mixture containing 10 mM Tris (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM each deoksinucleotide triphosphate, 0.5 mM of each primer, and 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems, NewJersey, USA). The ASTEC program temperature control systemPC-701 DNA thermo cycler was programmed as follows: 10 min at 95°C, 30 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 58°C, and 1 min at 72°C, and 10 minutes at 72°C. Samples were stored at 4°C until analysis. Ten ml aliquot of the PCR product was electrophorese don agarose gel 1.5% for 30 min at 100 V. Gels were stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under ultraviolet light. Mu50 (ATCC; 700 699) was used as a positive control.
Table 3

Primers used in PCR analysis of VISA-related genes

Gene

Acc. NO.

Forward

Reverse

vraR

ABO35448

5’-CGTCATTCAAACGGTACAAAAG-3’

5’-CTTAAAAAAGACTAAACACCAAC-3’

vraG

ABO35453

5’-TATTAAGGAAGGCTCACAAGTC-3’

5’-ATGTTTCAAATACCGCCCT-3’

vraA

ABO35450

5’-ATGAAAATGCAATAGCAGCC-3’

5’-AACATATCCTGTTGACGTCCC-3

vraF

ABO35453

5’-CCTCTGGATCTGGGAAAAC-3’

5’-CGTCAGCAAATATAATAGAAGGTAA-3’

fruA

ABO35449

5’-CTTAATGAACGGTGTTTCTAACAT-3’

5’-TACCACCAATAAATCCTGAACC-3’

fruB

ABO35449

5’-AGATGTTGAGTCAACTGCCTT-3’

5’-CTTCCAGCAACAATAACTATATCTTC-3’

Ethical considerations

The project received ethical approval from the review board of the Department of National Education of the Hasanuddin University. Oral informed consent was obtained from the study participants after explanation of the procedure and the purpose of the study. Oral informed consent was applied as the collection of the specimens did not affect the intervention procedure to any extend and all clinical data was made anonymous before analysis. The collection of informed consent was witnessed by a nurse and or the medical officer in charge and was recorded on the medical file of the patient. The verbal consent procedure was approved by the ethical committee.

Results

MRSA and MSSA strains

Of the 11 S. aureus isolates from 2012 analyzed, 5 were CA-MSSA, 2 HA-MSSA, 1 CA-MRSA and 3 HA-MRSA. The 4 MRSA isolates (CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA) were derived from different clinical samples, i.e. urine, sputum, pus, and throat swab. Sensitivity testing showed that all isolates (both MSSA and MRSA) had good sensitivity to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, tigecycline, and amikacin. Clindamycin was still sensitive for CA-MSSA, HA-MSSA and CA-MRSA.

SCCmec typing

SCCmec typing revealed that 3 of the 4 MRSA isolates contained SCCmec type II; the other 1 contained SCCmec type IV. Three of all 11 strains contained plasmid pUB110. Figure 1 shows the banding patterns of the products obtained by multiplex PCR for SCCmec typing. Four strains showed the 162-bp fragment of the mecA gene. Type II strains displayed the 284-bp fragment, 209-bpfragment, and a 342-bp fragment with or without a381-bp fragment from the plasmid pUB110; Strain type IV showed the342-bp fragment without the381-bp fragment from the plasmid pUB110.
Figure 1
Figure 1

The results of multiplex PCR SCC mec gene typing in MRSA and MSSA.

The presence of genes associated VISA

The following six genes were studied: vraR, vraG, vraA, vraF, fruA, and fruB. Ten of the 11 S. aureus isolates contained vraA, 4 vraF, 5 vraG, and 4 vraR (Figure 2, Table 4). All 11 isolates contained fruA and 7 contained fruB. Mu50 strain was used as positive control contained all six genes. 30% of MRSA strains with pUB110 contained vraA genes, 60% vraG, 25% vraR, and 25% vraF.
Figure 2
Figure 2

The results of multiplex PCR VISA gene in MRSA and MSSA.

Table 4

Characterization specimens and their related to VISA genes and pUB-110

SPECIMENS

No.

MRSA/MSSA

pUB 100

VraA

vraG

vraF

vraR

fruA

fruB

Blood

1

HA-MSSA

-

+

-

+

+

+

+

Blood

2

CA-MSSA

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

Bronchial discharge

3

HA-MSSA

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

Urine

4

CA-MRSA

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

Blood

5

CA-MSSA

-

+

-

+

+

+

+

Urine

6

CA-MSSA

-

+

-

+

+

+

+

Urine

7

CA-MSSA

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

Urine

8

CA-MSSA

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

Sputum

9

HA-MRSA

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Pus

10

HA-MRSA

-

+

+

-

-

+

-

Throat swab

11

HA-MRSA

+

+

+

-

-

+

-

TOTAL

11

11

27%

91%

45%

36%

36%

100%

64%

Discussion

In this study we found that three (27%) of our 11 S. aureus strains contained genes mecA and SCCmec type II, and 1 (9%) contained SCCmec type IV. Previous examined the study examined SCCmec types of 138 MRSA strains isolated in Japan in 1999 and found that 126 (91.3%) contained SCCmec type II, 6 (4.3%) contained SCCmec type I, and 5 (3.6%) contained SCCmec type IV [39]. The results of this research in Japan combined with the findings in this study suggest that type II SCCmec occurs frequently in Asia pacific region. Types I and III SCCmec were not detected in this study. However, type III SCCmec has been reported in European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, the Philippines, and elsewhere [40, 41].

In addition to the structural classification of four types of SCCmec, we also checked the presence of plasmid pUB110 in SCCmec. Only 3 strains (27%) contained plasmid pUB110. MRSA has been known to cause nosocomial infections. MRSA infections have been reported increased cases among the group of patients without any real connection with the hospital [42]. CA-MRSA strains have been reported in Australia [43, 44], New Zealand [45], England [46], Canada [47], and the United States [41].

In this study we found fruA in all 11 strains and fruB in 7 of all strains (64%). Gen vraA considered as a long chain fatty acid CoA ligase, while vraF and vraG are ABC transporter genes. These genes are up-regulated in the VISA (Mu50) and may contribute to resistance to vancomycin [48]. Furthermore, vancomycin resistance is thought to be caused by increased cell wall synthesis [38]. The system settings are vraSR new response has been reported, and vraR, which is one of two components of the system, seems to play a role in vancomycin resistance. As a result of the introduction of genes into cells, vraR sensitive vancomycin will increase the level of resistance to vancomycin [38]. In the present study it was found that all four MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, and that one of these contained the vraR gene. The finding of this VISA related gene in vancomycin-sensitive among MRSA strains may indicates the possible risk of transition from MRSA to VRSA but first we need to rule out the possibility of VISA or hVISA are exist among our MRSA strain. Something lacked on this study.

Note worthily, we found that three of the four MRSA strains contained plasmid pUB110, which most likely is a strain of CA-MRSA, because it only one contained genes of vraF and vraR at relatively lower frequencies than the MRSA strains containing plasmid pUB110, but contained no genes of vraR and vraF. Therefore, we need to further investigate the relationship between SCCmec typing, as a means to identify the genetic background of the bacteria, as well as the presence of genes associated VISA.

Conclusion

Most strains of MRSA: 75% (3/4) contains a Type II SCCmec, and only 1(25%) strain containing SCCmec type IV and the overall of S.aureus isolates containing all six genes associated VISA with different frequencies. In particular, the strain that is considered as CA-MRSA, the strain is considered to contain vraR, at 1 CA-MRSA strain was found not to contain vraR and only 33% (1/3) of vraR genes containing in HA-MRSA strains. Based on these results, we should be concerned about the possibility of transition from MRSA strains sensitive to vancomycin in VISA strains of MRSA strains obtained in clinical trials. But first we need to look the existence of natural VISA or hVISA among these MRSA strains.

In this study, we applied the multiplex PCR test to determine the type of SCCmec, and a simple PCR test to detect the presence of genes related to VISA. Both tests can be easily and rapidly performed at many hospitals and laboratories, and can therefore be considered useful tools for the investigation of clinical MRSA strains.

Declarations

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Microbiology, RSAB Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
(2)
Department Medical Microbiology, Laboratory Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
(3)
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia

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