Skip to main content
Download PDF

Tea polyphenols alleviate high fat and high glucose-induced endothelial hyperpermeability by attenuating ROS production via NADPH oxidase pathway

BMC Research Notes volume 7, Article number: 120 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial hyperpermeability is crucial to cardiovascular disorders and macro-vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on endothelial hyperpermeability and the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) pathway.

Methods

Male Wistar rats fed on a high fat diet (HF) were treated with GTPs (0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 g/L in drinking water) for 26 weeks. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were treated with high glucose (HG, 33 mmol/L) and GTPs (0.0, 0.4, or 4 μg/mL) for 24 hours in vitro. The endothelial permeabilities in rat aorta and monolayer BAECs were measured by Evans blue injection method and efflux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, respectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in rat aorta and monolayer BAECs were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) and 2′, 7′-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe, respectively. Protein levels of NADPH oxidase subunits were determined by Western-blot.

Results

HF diet-fed increased the endothelial permeability and ROS levels in rat aorta while HG treatments increased the endothelial permeability and ROS levels in cultured BAECs. Co-treatment with GTPs alleviated those changes both in vivo and in vitro. In in vitro studies, GTPs treatments protected against the HG-induced over-expressions of p22phox and p67phox. Diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, alleviated the hyperpermeability induced by HG.

Conclusions

GTPs could alleviate endothelial hyperpermeabilities in HF diet-fed rat aorta and in HG treated BAECs. The decrease of ROS production resulting from down-regulation of NADPH oxidase contributed to the alleviation of endothelial hyperpermeability.

Background

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death among population in the world [1]. Although the precise mechanism that leads to cardiovascular disease is not fully understood, endothelial dysfunction plays a vital role [2]. Endothelial hyperpermeability, one of the two major manifestations of endothelial dysfunction [3], is one of the initial responses of endothelial cells to insults such as hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia [4]. Therefore, alleviation of hyperlipidemia/hyperglycemia-related endothelial hyperpermeability will be helpful to prevent cardiovascular disorders.

Oxidative stress is the most common disturbance resulting from hyperglycemia and high fat diet [5, 6]. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, including superoxide anion (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (·OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), is of particular importance in the alteration of endothelial permeability [7, 8]. In vascular endothelial cells, ROS induction is mainly attributable to the production of superoxide anion (O2·−) catalyzed by NADPH oxidase [7, 9]. NADPH oxidase facilitates the electron transfer from NADH or NADPH to molecular oxygen and generates superoxide anion [10]. NADPH oxidases could be composed of membrane-associated subunits gp91phox (NOX2), p22phox, and cytosolic subunits p47phox, p67phox, and rac1, the composition is species and tissue dependent [11]. Activation of NADPH oxidase requires phosphorylation and interaction of subunits. Phosphorylated p47phox with its two SH3 domains unmasked binds to p22phox and p67phox[12]. The variability of p22phox, which is crucial for superoxide anion production in vascular cells [13], is a cause of variation in ROS production in human [14]. The p67phox is inducible and sensitive to a variety of stimuli [15, 16]. Based on these, alleviation of NADPH oxidase activation by regulation of NADPH subunit expressions is highly likely to efficiently ameliorate endothelial ROS production and play a role in alleviation of the hyperpermeability induced by hyperlipidemia/hyperglycemia.

Green tea is a popular commodity in Asia. An inverse association between tea consumption and cardiovascular diseases was reported [17]. Green tea polyphenols (GTPs), which comprise 30–40 percent of extractable solids from dried green tea leaves, exhibit significant antioxidant properties [18]. There are multiple routes of their anti-oxidant properties indicated, including chelating metal ions and scavenging free radicals directly due to its poly-hydoxyl structure [19]. However, given the typical daily intake of GTPs, their free radical scavenging or metal chelating abilities are very limited relative to the endogenous anti-oxidant system of organisms [20, 21]. On the other hand, the reaction speed of O2·− with internal NO in cells is thousands of times higher than its reaction with GTPs. Furthermore, as hydrophilic agents, GTPs have limited access to intracellular ROS that induces endothelial hyperpermeabiliy. Hence, GTPs are less likely to alleviate acute vascular oxidative stress via direct scavenging of ROS [22]. Our previous study showed that GTPs could reduce angiotensin II induced NADPH oxidase activation followed by a corresponding decrease in levels of superoxide anion [22]. Based on the aforementioned data, we hypothesized that GTPs can attenuate diabetes related endothelial hyperpermeability through down regulating the expression of NADPH oxidase followed by reducing the production of ROS.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of GTPs on the endothelial permeability in aortas of rats fed on a HF diet and in cultured BAECs exposed to HG, and the involvements of NADPH oxidase as well.

Methods

Ethics statement

The study was carried out in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Pub. No. 85–23, revised 1996). The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Permit number: S249).

Reagents and materials

Green tea polyphenols (70% catechins, 10% flavonols, and 20% polymeric flavonoids) were kindly provided by Unilever Health Institute (Vlaardingen, The Netherland). Goat polyclonal antibody (anti-NADPH oxidase, p22phox, and p67phox) and rabbit anti-β-actin antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (40 kDa, anionic) was from Molecular Probes, Inc. (Eugene, USA). Dihydroethidium (DHE) and 2′, 7′-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probes were from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Jiangsu, China). Other reagents used were of the highest grade commercially available.

Animal treatments

Wistar rats were from B&K Universal Group Limited (Shanghai, China). After one week’s acclimation, thirty male Wistar rats, weighting 40-60 g, divided into 5 groups randomly. Four groups of rats fed on a modified HF diet (60% standard chow, 12% sugar, 12% lard, 8% yolk powder, 6% peanuts powder, and 1% milk powder, w/w). Since the 4th week, GTPs solutions of different concentrations (0, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g/L) were served instead of deionized water. One group fed on standard chow as control.

Measurement of endothelial permeability in rat aorta

At the end of the 26th week, animals were anaesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Anaesthetic monitoring such as testing of rear foot reflexes and observation of respiratory pattern throughout the procedure was performed. After anaesthesia, Evans blue dye (3%, 1 mL/kg bw) was injected into the tail vein of the rats, thirty minutes later, the animals were sacrificed. The thoracic part of the aorta was isolated, rinsed in normal saline, and weighed. Thirty milligrams of fresh aorta tissue incubated in 0.9 mL dimethylformamide at 50°C for 24 h was used for analysis. The concentration of Evans blue dye was measured spectrophotometrically at 620 nm and presented as μg Evans blue dye per mg wet tissue.

Measurement of ROS in rat aorta

The ROS levels were measured in situ by DHE fluorescent probe, which reacts with ROS and forms ethidium bromide (ETH) that binds to DNA. Fresh cross-sections (10 μm) of frozen aortic arch were incubated with 5 M DHE (37°C, 15 min) in a humidified chamber, then red fluorescence signal was detected with a fluorescence microscope. ROS level was presented as integrated optical density (IOD) per unit area.

Endothelial cell culture and treatment

Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs, No. C-003-5C) were purchased from Health Science Research Resources Bank (Osaka, Japan). BAECs maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells at passages 3–10 were used in this study. For protein expression analysis, confluent cultures were treated with 0.4 μg/mL or 4.0 μg/mL GTPs along with 33 mmol/L glucose in medium (HG group) for 24 h. Cells cultured in 5.5 mmol/L glucose medium were used as controls.

Cell permeability assay

A previously described method was used for the cell permeability assay [22]. Briefly, BAECs were seeded in the upper chambers of 0.4 μm polycarbonate Transwell filters of a 24-well filtration microplate (Whatman Inc., Clifton, USA). Upon confluence, three groups of the cells were treated with HG (high-glucose, 33 mmol/L) and GTP (0, 0.4 and 4.0 μg/mL) for 24 h. The fourth group was treated with HG alone for 23 hours followed by one hour co-treatment with DPI (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. After treatment, medium was replaced with fresh phenol red-free DMEM in the presence of FITC-dextran (1.0 μmol/L). The filtration microplate was removed after 2 h incubation, and fluorescence in the medium of the 24-well feeder tray was evaluated at 494 nm excitation and 521 nm emission.

Measurement of ROS in BAECs

ROS level was determined using a method previously described [23]. Briefly, 1 × 105 endothelial cells per well were seeded onto a 96-well plate, cultured overnight, then exposed to HG with GTPs (0, 0.4, and 4 μg/mL) for 24 h. After exposure, 10 μmol/L DCFH-DA was added to the culture followed by 30 min incubation in the dark. The fluorescence intensity was measured with excitation wavelength at 488 nm and emission wavelength at 525 nm.

Electrophoresis and immunoblotting

Whole cell extracts were prepared by lysing these cells in extraction buffer (containing 50 mmol/L Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 1% Nonidet-P40, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mmol/L DTT, 0.05 mmol/L PMSF, 0.002 mg/mL aprotinin, 0.002 mg/mL leupeptin, and 1 mmol/L NaVO3). The protein concentration was quantified with BIO-RAD Dc protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunological blotting were performed according to the method provided by Amersham Biosciences. Immunoreactive bands were detected by an ECL plus Western Blotting Detection System (Amersham Biosciences, Little Chalford, UK) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Protein expression was visualized with a chemiluminescent detection system (Syngen, Cambridge, UK) and analyzed by Gel Pro3.0 software (Biometra, Goettingen, Germany).

Statistical analysis

Quantitative values were expressed as mean ± SEM and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test at α = 0.05. For the statistical analysis, SPSS 14.0 was used.

Results

GTPs treatment decreased the endothelial permeability in rat aorta

The endothelial permeability in rat aorta is presented as μg Evans blue per mg wet tissue. As shown in Figure 1, Additional file 1, the Evans blue dye that passed though the endothelium into the vessel wall in the HF group is significantly more than the control group (P < 0.05). The GTPs treatment significantly decreased the endothelial permeability in HF fed rats (P < 0.05 in comparison with the HF group). In two of the GTPs treated groups (1.6 g/L and 3.2 g/L), the Evans blue dye that passed through the endothelium is even less compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Figure 1
figure 1

Effects of GTPs treatment on HF-induced hyperpermeability in rat aorta. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (N = 6). * indicates P < 0.05 compared to the control and # indicates P < 0.05 compared to the HF group.

Full size image

GTPs reduced ROS production induced by HF in rat aorta and by HG in BAECs

As shown in Figure 2A and B, Additional file 2, HF treatment significantly increased the ROS level of rat aortas compared to the control group. GTPs treatment decreased the ROS level in HF group to control level (P < 0.05, GTPs group v.s. HF group). To test whether GTPs decrease the ROS production in cultured endothelial cells, we treated BAECs with 33 mmol/L high glucose and 0.4 or 4.0 μg/mL GTPs for 24 h. As shown in Figure 2C, high-glucose treatment significantly increased the ROS level in BAECs compared to that of BAECs in 5.5 mmol/L glucose medium (P < 0.05). Both 0.4 and 4.0 μg/mL GTPs treatments decreased the ROS level induced by HG in BAECs. The ROS level in 4.0 μg/mL GTPs treated cells decreased to 48.9% of that in HG treated cells (P < 0.05).

Figure 2
figure 2

Effects of GTPs treatment on ROS production in rat aorta and BAECs. The ROS level in rat aorta was detected by DHE fluorescent probe. As shown in A, the fluorescent image of aorta slices were visualized with fluorescence microscope (×200). The fluorescence intensities were measured with IPP image software in randomly selected areas of images captured. The result is shown in B. (n = 6, *P < 0.05 vs. control; #P < 0.05 vs. HF). C, shows the ROS level in BAECs, the ROS level in BAECs were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe and quantified with spectrometry (excitation at 488 nm and emission at 525 nm). Results represented mean ± SEM. (n = 6, *P < 0.05 vs. control; #P < 0.05 vs. HG).

Full size image

GTPs down-regulated the elevated expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits (p22phox and p67phox) induced by HG

To further explore the effects of GTPs on superoxide anion production, the protein expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox and p67phox were examined (Figure 3A, B, and C). HG significantly increased the protein expression of p22phox, and GTPs treatments (0.4 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL) reduced the p22phox expression (P < 0.05, Figure 3B). Meanwhile HG increased the protein expression of p67phox more substantially than the expression of p22phox. Similarly, GTPs treatments significantly decreased the protein expressions compared with HG group (GTPs (0.4 μg/mL) vs HG P < 0.05, and GTPs (4.0 μg/mL) vs HG P < 0.01). The results indicated that GTPs down-regulated the increased protein expression of NADPH oxidase resulting in the reduction of superoxide anion production.

Figure 3
figure 3

Effects of GTPs treatment on expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits p22phoxand p67phoxin BAECs. Protein levels were determined by Western blotting, and a representative study is shown (A). The bar graph represents three combined experiments. The results of the densitometric analysis (mean ± SEM, N = 3) of immunoblots of NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox(B), p67phox(C). * indicates P < 0.05 compared to the control, # indicates P < 0.05 compared to the HG group, and ## indicates P < 0.01 compared to the HG group.

Full size image

Both GTPs and DPI alleviated the endothelial hyperpermeability induced by HG in cultured BAECs

Whether GTPs can alleviate endothelial hypermeability induced by HG in vitro was tested. As shown in Figure 4, similar to the results in the in vivo study, high glucose induced a significant increase in permeability from 2009 ± 178 fluorescence intensity (FI) in the control group to 6241 ± 783 FI. The permeability was significantly reduced to 4370 ± 278 FI in the cells co-treated with GTPs (0.4 μg/mL) and to 2136 ± 206 FI by GTPs (4.0 μg/mL) co-treatment. Co-treatment with DPI (10 μmol/L 1 h), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, also alleviated the endothelial hyperpermeability induced by HG, significantly (P < 0.05).

Figure 4
figure 4

Effects of GTPs treatment and DPI on HG-induced hyperpermeability in BAECs. Fluorescence intensity of FITC-dextran that passes through the confluent cell layer to the lower chamber was used to demonstrate the permeability. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (N = 6). * indicates P < 0.05 compared to the control, # indicates P < 0.05 compared to the HG group, and ## indicates P < 0.01 compared to the HG group.

Full size image

Discussion

The present study investigated the effects of GTPs on endothelial hyperpermeability, an initial event in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, induced either by HF in vivo or by HG in vitro. Major findings of the study are as follows: a. GTPs down-regulated HF-induced hyperpermeability and ROS formation in rat aorta; b. GTPs alleviated HG-induced over-expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox and p67phox, and decreased HG-induced ROS formation in BAECs; c. Co-treatments with GTPs or DPI (inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) ameliorated HG-induced hyperpermeability in BAECs.

Endothelial hyperpermeability is an initial pathological change of cardiovascular diseases. There is little agreement as to what is meant by the term “endothelial permeability” or “vascular permeability”, and there is no consensus about how permeability should be measured [24]. Vascular biologists usually measured the net amount of a solute, typically a macromolecule like plasma albumin, which has crossed a vascular bed and accumulated in the interstitium. However, the movement of macromolecules through the endothelial layer to the sub-endothelial space is of special importance to the development of atherosclerosis and other vascular damages. In the present study, Evans blue, which binds to plasma albumin rapidly in vivo, was injected into the vessels of rats, and the dye that pass through the endothelium and trapped in the arterial wall were measured. The result showed that increased blue dye that pass through the endothelium and trapped in the wall of aorta was detected by HF diet, which indicated that the more macromolecules were transported to the sub-endothelial place. GTPs treatment alleviated this endothelial hyperpermeability induced by HF. High fat intake could induce metabolic disorders such as up-regulation of blood glucose and dysregulation of blood lipids in in vivo experiments, and the change in blood glucose is much more notable than the change in blood lipids [25]. Hyperglycemia was reported to increase the permeability of micro-vessels in human [26] and high glucose incubation increased the permeability of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells [27]. Hence, high glucose cultured BAECs were used to explore the potential mechanism of the protective effect of GTPs on endothelial hyperpermeability in the present study. High glucose incubation increased the endothelial hyperpermeability and GTPs treatment alleviated the endothelial hyperpermeability induced by high glucose incubation. These results suggested GTPs intake could potentially be an effective approach for prevention of endothelial dysfunction induced by stressors.

High fat diet may induce vascular endothelial damages through various pathways including increase of ox-LDL levels, increase of advanced glycation end products (AGE), and oxidative stress [6]. ROS production is the vital contributor to the altered permeability in endothelial cells [28]. One possible pathway is that ROS are involved in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor type 2 mediated signaling [29]. While VEGF, formerly named vascular permeability factor, play critical roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Both HF and HG exposure resulted in enhanced ROS production, which is consistent with another study [26], and the increase in ROS production was also alleviated by GTPs treatment. The up-regulations of NADPH oxidase subunits were associated with increased ROS production induced by angiotensin II in ECs [22] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human aortic smooth muscle and embryonic kidney cells [30]. A number of studies reported that the expressions and activities of NADPH oxidase are elevated in cardiovascular disorders [9, 31]. The high glucose incubation increased the expression of NADPH subunits p22phox and p67phox in BAECs, and similar results were documented in microvascular endothelial cells treated with high glucose [32]. The increased expressions of p22phox and p67phox induced by high glucose incubation were down-regulated by GTPs treatment. Meanwhile, DPI, the most commonly used NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diminished the high glucose induced endothelial hyperpermeability. DPI can abrogate the transport of electrons from reduced flavin, inhibiting the activity of flavin-containing oxidases including NADPH oxidase [33]. These results indicated that GTPs could alleviate the increased NADPH oxidase expression which results in increased ROS production, whereas the increase of ROS production is largely responssible for the high glucose induced endothelial hyperpermeability. Therefore, GTPs alleviated the endothelial hyperpermeability by inhibiting NADPH oxidase.

Conclusions

The study suggested that GTPs could alleviate the increased NADPH oxidase expression, the elevated ROS production, and the hyperpermeabilities induced by HF in rat aorta and by HG in BAECs. The alleviation of endothelial hyperpermeability was most likely attributable to the down-regulation of NADPH oxidase followed by the corresponding reduction of ROS production.

References

  1. Levitan EB, Song Y, Ford ES, Liu S: Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004, 164: 2147-2155. 10.1001/archinte.164.19.2147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Stehouwer CD, Gall MA, Twisk JW, Knudsen E, Emeis JJ, Parving HH: Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: progressive, interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes. 2002, 51: 1157-1165. 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Perrin RM, Harper SJ, Bates DO: A role for the endothelial glycocalyx in regulating microvascular permeability in diabetes mellitus. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2007, 49: 65-72. 10.1007/s12013-007-0041-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Simionescu M: Implications of early structural-functional changes in the endothelium for vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007, 27: 266-274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Brownlee M: Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001, 414: 813-820. 10.1038/414813a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Damjanovic M, Barton M: Fat intake and cardiovascular response. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2008, 10: 25-31. 10.1007/s11906-008-0007-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hadi HA, Suwaidi JA: Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007, 3: 853-876.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Vandenbroucke E, Mehta D, Minshall R, Malik AB: Regulation of endothelial junctional permeability. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008, 1123: 134-145. 10.1196/annals.1420.016.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Shen GX: Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular disorders. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2012, 12: 106-112. 10.2174/1871529X11202020106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Taniyama Y, Griendling KK: Reactive oxygen species in the vasculature: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Hypertension. 2003, 42: 1075-1081. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000100443.09293.4F.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ushio-Fukai M: Localizing NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. Sci STKE. 2006, 2006 (349): e8-

    Google Scholar 

  12. Groemping Y, Lapouge K, Smerdon SJ, Rittinger K: Molecular basis of phosphorylation-induced activation of the NADPH oxidase. Cell. 2003, 113: 343-355. 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00314-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Takeya R, Ueno N, Kami K, Taura M, Kohjima M, Izaki T, Nunoi H, Sumimoto H: Novel human homologues of p47phox and p67phox participate in activation of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases. J Biol Chem. 2003, 278: 25234-25246. 10.1074/jbc.M212856200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bedard K, Krause KH: The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2007, 87: 245-313. 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pagano PJ, Chanock SJ, Siwik DA, Colucci WS, Clark JK: Angiotensin II induces p67phox mRNA expression and NADPH oxidase superoxide generation in rabbit aortic adventitial fibroblasts. Hypertension. 1998, 32: 331-337. 10.1161/01.HYP.32.2.331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cifuentes ME, Rey FE, Carretero OA, Pagano PJ: Upregulation of p67(phox) and gp91(phox) in aortas from angiotensin II-infused mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000, 279: H2234-H2240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Arts IC, Hollman PC, Feskens EJ, Bueno DMH, Kromhout D: Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 74: 227-232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Frei B, Higdon JV: Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr. 2003, 133: 3275S-3284S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Perron NR, Brumaghim JL: A review of the antioxidant mechanisms of polyphenol compounds related to iron binding. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2009, 53: 75-100. 10.1007/s12013-009-9043-x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA: Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001, 74: 418-425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Droge W: Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev. 2002, 82: 47-95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ying CJ, Xu JW, Ikeda K, Takahashi K, Nara Y, Yamori Y: Tea polyphenols regulate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit expression and ameliorate angiotensin II-induced hyperpermeability in endothelial cells. Hypertens Res. 2003, 26: 823-828. 10.1291/hypres.26.823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fan J, Cai H, Tan WS: Role of the plasma membrane ROS-generating NADPH oxidase in CD34+ progenitor cells preservation by hypoxia. J Biotechnol. 2007, 130: 455-462. 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.05.023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nagy JA, Benjamin L, Zeng H, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF: Vascular permeability, vascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 2008, 11: 109-119. 10.1007/s10456-008-9099-z.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Akiyama T, Tachibana I, Shirohara H, Watanabe N, Otsuki M: High-fat hypercaloric diet induces obesity, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia in normal adult male Wistar rat. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1996, 31: 27-35. 10.1016/0168-8227(96)01205-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Scalia R, Gong Y, Berzins B, Zhao LJ, Sharma K: Hyperglycemia is a major determinant of albumin permeability in diabetic microcirculation: the role of mu-calpain. Diabetes. 2007, 56: 1842-1849. 10.2337/db06-1198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tian C, Zhang R, Ye X, Zhang C, Jin X, Yamori Y, Hao L, Sun X, Ying C: Resveratrol ameliorates high-glucose-induced hyperpermeability mediated by caveolae via VEGF/KDR pathway. Genes Nutr. 2013, 8: 231-239. 10.1007/s12263-012-0319-1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Han J, Shuvaev VV, Muzykantov VR: Catalase and superoxide dismutase conjugated with platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibody distinctly alleviate abnormal endothelial permeability caused by exogenous reactive oxygen species and vascular endothelial growth factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011, 338: 82-91. 10.1124/jpet.111.180620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Ushio-Fukai M: VEGF signaling through NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007, 9: 731-739. 10.1089/ars.2007.1556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Moe KT, Aulia S, Jiang F, Chua YL, Koh TH, Wong MC, Dusting GJ: Differential upregulation of Nox homologues of NADPH oxidase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human aortic smooth muscle and embryonic kidney cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2006, 10: 231-239. 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00304.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang WF, Xu YY, Xu KP, Wu WH, Tan GS, Li YJ, Hu CP: Inhibitory effect of selaginellin on high glucose-induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells: role of NADPH oxidase and LOX-1. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012, 694: 60-68. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.08.011.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ding H, Aljofan M, Triggle CR: Oxidative stress and increased eNOS and NADPH oxidase expression in mouse microvessel endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 2007, 212: 682-689. 10.1002/jcp.21063.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lin FJ, Song W, Meyer-Bernstein E, Naidoo N, Sehgal A: Photic signaling by cryptochrome in the Drosophila circadian system. Mol Cell Biol. 2001, 21: 7287-7294. 10.1128/MCB.21.21.7287-7294.2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (GrantNo.30972473, 81172674, 81273060; http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/Portal0/default152.htm). Our sincere thanks go to Dr. Mel Dong and Dr. H. Wu for reviewing the manuscript and giving many helpful suggestions. Thanks are also due to the participants of the study for their enthusiastic support.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xiaolei Ye

    Present address: School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, WenZhou, 325035, PR China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China

    Xuezhi Zuo, Nana Zhao & Xiaolei Ye

  2. Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China

    Xuezhi Zuo

  3. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public health, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China

    Weiye Ren, Yi Meng, Xin Jin, Ying Zhang, Shibin Ding & Chenjiang Ying

  4. School of Nursing, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China

    Chong Tian

Authors
  1. Xuezhi Zuo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chong Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nana Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Weiye Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yi Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xin Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ying Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shibin Ding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Chenjiang Ying
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xiaolei Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaolei Ye.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CT XZ CY XY. Performed the experiments: CT XZ NZ WR YM XJ YZ SD. Analyzed the data: CT XY XZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XY CY. Wrote the paper: CT CY XY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Xuezhi Zuo, Chong Tian contributed equally to this work.

Electronic supplementary material

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zuo, X., Tian, C., Zhao, N. et al. Tea polyphenols alleviate high fat and high glucose-induced endothelial hyperpermeability by attenuating ROS production via NADPH oxidase pathway. BMC Res Notes 7, 120 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-120

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-120

Keywords

  • Green tea polyphenols
  • High fat
  • High glucose
  • Hyperpermeability
  • NADPH oxidase

BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

Contact us