Shammas NW. Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3:229–34.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Harris K. Measures for revascularization of the ischemic limb—based on the inter-society consensus. Canada: The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; 2007.
Google Scholar
Marso SP, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:921–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bennett PC, Silverman S, Gill P. Hypertension and peripheral arterial disease. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:213–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia LA. Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease. J Endovasc Ther. 2006;13:II-3–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Murphy WRC, Olin JW, Puschett JB, et al: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic): A Collaborative Report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). Washinhton DC, USA: American College of Cardiology; 2005
Muir RL. Peripheral arterial disease: pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Vasc Nurs. 2009;27:26–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Almahameed A. Peripheral arterial disease: recognition and medical management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:621–38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
John RB, Jeffrey WO. Pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors for its development. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:S8–14.
Google Scholar
Network Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines. Diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2006.
Google Scholar
Weragoda J, Seneviratne R, Weerasinghe MC, Wijeyaratne M, Samaranayaka A. A cross-sectional study on peripheral arterial disease in a district of Sri Lanka: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:2174–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Weragoda J, Seneviratne R, Weerasinghe MC, Wijeyaratne SM. ABPI against colour duplex scan: a screening tool for detection of peripheral arterial disease in low resource setting approach to validation. Int J Vasc Med. 2016;2016:5.
Google Scholar
Schlesselman JJ. Case conrol study design, conduct, analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1982.
Google Scholar
Katulanda P, Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, Sheriff R, Seneviratne RD, Wijeratne S, Wijesuriya M, McCarthy MI, Adler AI, Matthews DR. Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka-Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study (SLDCS). Diabet Med. 2008;25:1062–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wijewardene K, Mohideen MR, Mendis S, Fernando DS, Kulathilaka T, Weerasekara D, Uluwitta P. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity: baseline findings of a population based survey in four provinces in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J. 2005;50:62–70.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Katulanda P, Wickramasinghe K, Mahesh JG, Rathnapala A, Constantine GR, Matthews DR, Fernando SSD. Prevalence and correlates of tobacco smoking in Sri Lanka. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010;23:861–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual. Genewa: World Health Organization; 1991.
Google Scholar
US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2010): Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2005–2007. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics Series 10, Number 245, Appendix II, p 80.
Criqui MH, Vargas V, Denenberg JO, Ho E, Allison M, Langer RD, Gamst A, Bundens WP, Fronek A. Ethnicity and peripheral arterial disease: the San Diego Population Study. Circulation. 2005;112:2703–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McDermott MM, Fried L, Simonsick E, Ling S, Guralnik JM. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is independently associated with impaired lower extremity functioning the women’s health and aging study. Circulation. 2000;101:1007–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Epidemiology of alcohol problems in the United States. Bethesda MD: National Institutes of Health; 2005.
Google Scholar
US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—Anthropometry Procedures Manual. Atlanta: CreateSpace Publishing; 2007.
Google Scholar
WHO IOTF, International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO). The Asia Pacific perspectives: redefining obesity and its treatment. Hong Kong: WHO; 2000.
WHO: Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva: WHO; 2008.
American Medical Association. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–97.
Article
Google Scholar
Abraham JM, Cho L. The homocysteine hypothesis: still relevant to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease? Cleve Clin J Med. 2010;7(7):911–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499–511.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine. Boston/Toronto: Little brown and company; 1987.
Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Peripheral Arterial Disease in People With diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3333–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999–2000. Circulation. 2004;110:738–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA. 2001;285:2481–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Korhonen PE, Syva¨nenb KT, Vesalainenc RK, Kantolad IM, Kautiainene H, Ja¨rvenpa AFP, Aarniob PT. Ankle–brachial index is lower in hypertensive than in normotensive individuals in a cardiovascular risk population. J Hypertens. 2009;27:2036–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MM, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(19):2934–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Joosten MM, Pai JK, Bertoia ML, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Mittleman MA, Mukamal KJ. Associations Between Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease in Men. JAMA. 2012;308:1660–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
He Y, Jiang Y, Wang J, Fan L, Li XY, Hu FB. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and its association with smoking in a population-based study in Beijing, China. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:333–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, Larson MG, Levy D, Wilson PW. Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am Heart J. 2002;143:961–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Willigendael EM, Teijink JAW, Bartelink ML, Kuiken BW, Boiten J, Moll FL, Büller HR, Prins MH. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:1158–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fabsitz RR, Sidawy AN, Go O, Lee ET, Welty TK, Devereux RB, Howard BV. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and associated risk factors in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149:330–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shankar A, Li J, Nieto FJ, Klein BE, Klein R. Association between C-reactive protein level and peripheral arterial disease among US adults without cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Am Heart J. 2007;145:495–501.
Article
Google Scholar
Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Joshipura K, Curhan GC, Rifai N, Cannuscio CC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2599–610.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garofolo L, Barros NJ, Miranda FJ, D’Almeida V, Cardien LC, Ferreira SR. Association of increased levels of homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease in a Japanese-Brazilian population. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;34:23–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aronow WS, Ahn C. Association between plasma homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease in older persons. Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9:49–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boushey CJ, Beresford SAA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1995;274:1049–57.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Khandanpour N, Loke YK, Meyer FJ, Jennings B, Armon MP. Homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Soc Vasc Surg. 2009;38:316–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bennett PC, Lip GYH, Silverman S, Blann D, Gill S. The contribution of cardiovascular risk factors to peripheral arterial disease in South Asians and Blacks: a sub-study to the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening (E-ECHOES) study. QJM. 2010;103:661–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sigvant B, Wiberg-Hedman K, Bergqvist D, Rolandsson O, Andersson B, Persson E, Wahlberg E. A population-based study of peripheral arterial disease prevalence with special focus on critical limb ischemia and sex differences. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:1185–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lu B, Zhou J, Waring ME, Parker DR, Eaton CB. Abdominal obesity and peripheral vascular disease in men and women: a comparison of waist-to-thigh ratio and waist circumference as measures of abdominal obesity. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208:253–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tseng CH. Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial obstructive disease in Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients. Angiology. 2003;54:331–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vascular Biololgy. 1998;18:185–92.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Luo YY, Li J, Xin Y, Zheng LQ, Yu JM, Hu DY. Risk factors of peripheral arterial disease and relationship between low ankle brachial index and mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:461–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Allison MA, Peralta C, Wassel CL, Aboyans V, Arnett DK, Cushman M. Genetic ancestry and lower extremity peripheral artery disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study Atherosclerosis. Vasc Med. 2010;15:351–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alzamora MT, Forés R, Baena-Díez JM, Pera G, Sorribes M, Vicheto M, Reina MD, Sancho A, Albaladejo C, Llussà J. The Peripheral Arterial disease study (PERART/ARTPER): prevalence and risk factors in the general population. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:38.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Planas A, Clara A, Pou J, Vidal-Barraquer F, Gasol A, Moner A, Contreras C, Marrugat J. Relationship of obesity distribution and peripheral arterial occlusive disease in elderly men. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1068–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar