- Research article
- Open Access
Multidrug resistant bacteria are sensitive to Euphorbia prostrata and six others Cameroonian medicinal plants extracts
- Igor K. Voukeng1,
- Veronique P. Beng2 and
- Victor Kuete1Email author
- Received: 17 October 2016
- Accepted: 21 July 2017
- Published: 25 July 2017
Abstract
Background
Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are responsible for therapeutic failure and there is an urgent need for novels compounds efficient on them.
Methods
Eleven methanol extracts from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants were tested for their antibacterial activity using broth micro-dilution method against 36 MDR bacterial strains including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
Results
Euphorbia prostrata extract was found active against all the 36 tested bacteria including Gram-negative phenotypes over-expressing efflux pumps such as P. aeruginosa PA124, E. aerogenes CM64 and E. coli AG102. E. prostrata had minimal inhibitory concentrations values between 128 and 256 µg/mL on 55.55% of the studied microorganisms. Other plants extract displayed selective antibacterial activity.
Conclusions
Results obtained in this study highlight the antibacterial potential of the tested plants and the possible use of E. prostrata to combat bacterial infections including MDR phenotypes.
Keywords
- Antimicrobial
- Cameroon
- Euphorbia prostrata
- Medicinal plant
- Multidrug resistance
Background
Bacterial multidrug-resistance is the ability of bacteria to grow in the presence of antibiotics at concentrations that were previously inhibitory. Treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a challenge more and more difficult to solve within hospital units [1]. Although the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a natural adaptation phenomenon, the rapid emergence of MDR phenotypes is mainly due to misuse of antibiotics, which increases the selection pressure and favors the appearance MDR microorganisms [2]. In hospitals, patients infected by these bacteria stay for long time, which impacts on the cost of treatment. Faced with this crisis, it is important to develop new antibacterial molecules effective vis-à-vis of MDR bacteria and medicinal plants offer a suitable alternative. According to WHO, 80% of world population uses medicinal plants for their health needs; antibacterial potential against the multidrug resistant phenotypes of many of them like Afromomum citratum, Afromomum melegueta, Imperata cylindricum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dorstenia psilurus has already been demonstrated [3, 4]. In order to contribute to the discovery of active substances from medicinal plants, this study was designed to assess the antibacterial potential of different parts of Aloe buettneri A. Berger (Asphodelaceae), Alchornea floribunda Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Crinum purpurascens Herb. (Amaryllidaceae), Euphorbia prostrata Ait. (Euphorbiaceae), Markhamia tomentosa K. Schum. (Bignoniaceae), Viscum album L. (Loranthaceae) and Rauwolfia macrophylla Ruiz & Pav. (Apocynaceae) against MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative phenotypes.
Methods
Plant material and sample preparation
Information on studied species
Plant species, (voucher number)/family | Traditional use | Part used traditionally | Potential active constituents | Previously screened activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Aloe buettneri A. Berger (59062/HNC)/Asphodelaceae | Gastro-intestinal infections, chronic wounds, cutaneous infections, inflammations, gastric ulcers, chronic skin ulcer, cough, dysmenorrhea, food poisoning, difficult delivery, dysentery, general stomachaches, lumbar painregulation of menstrual cycle, functional infertility [18–20] | Leaves | – | Anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, ovarian steroidogenesis effect, sub-acute toxicity, Analgesic effect, Antipyretic activity [18–20] |
Alchornea floribunda Müll. Arg. (4595/HNC)/Euphorbiaceae | Hepatitis, wounds, ringworm, eczema, pains in the heart, antidote to poison, urinary, respiratory and intestinal disorders, aphrodisiac [21, 22] | Leaves, bark, root | Cathechin, epicathechin, taxifolin, 5α-stimastane-3,6-dione, 3β-hydroxyl-5α-stigmastane-24-ene, 5α-stigmastane-23-ene-3,6-dione [21, 23] | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, cytotoxicity [15, 21–23] |
Crinum purpurascens Herb. (40058/HNC)/Amaryllidaceae | Pneumonia, ovarian problems, hernia, wounds, dysentery, microbial infection, aphrodisiac, snake bite [24] | Leaves, bulbs | Hippadine, pratorimine, β-d-glucopyranoside sitosterol [25] | Antibacterial [25] |
Euphorbia prostrata Ait. (33585/HNC)/Euphorbiaceae | Infertility, menstrual pain, dysentery, typhoid fever [12] | Leaves, whole plant | Prostratins A, B and C, rugosins A, D, E and G, quercetin 3-O-β-sambubioside, euphorbins G and H, tellimagradin I and II, kaempferol, cosmosiin, rhamnetin-3-galactoside, quercetin, β-amyrine acetate, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and cholesterol [26, 27] | Antibacterial, antifungal, bleeding haemorrhoids [12, 28, 29] |
Markhamia tomentosa K. Schum. (1974/SRF-Cam)/Bignoniaceae | Edema, cancer, gout, scrotal elephantiasis, pulmonary troubles, general body pain [30] | Leaves | β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, dehydroiso-α-lapachone, 2-acetylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione, pomolic acid, 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione, β-lapachone, tormentic acid, oleanolic acid, palustrine [31, 32] | Antiprotozoal, antihelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory antioxidant, anti-tumor [31–33] |
Viscum album L. (2974/HNC)/Loranthaceae | Atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, headache, dizziness, palpitation [34, 35] | Leaves | Coniferin, syringin, eleutheroside E, syringaresinol-O-glucoside, ligalbumosides A–E, alangilignoside C, kalopanaxin D, β-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin, lupeol, lupeol acetate oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, trans-α-bergamotene, trans-β-farnesene, loliolide, vomifoliol, 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone-4′-O-glucoside, 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone-4-O-glucoside, 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone-4′-O-[2′′-O-(5′′′-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-apiosyl]-glucoside), 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone-4-O-[2′′-O-(5′′′-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-apiosyl]-glucoside, 2′-hydroxy-3,4′,6′-trimethoxychalcone-4-O-glucoside, 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone-4-O-[apiosyl(1 → 2)]-glucoside, 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone-4′-O-[apiosyl-(1 → 2)]-glucoside, (2S)-3′,5,7-trimethoxyflavanone-4′-O-glucoside, 4′-O-[β-apiosyl(1 → 2)]-β-glucosyl]-5-hydroxy-7-O-sinapylflavanone, 3-(4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethoxy)-phenyl-2E-propenyl-β-glucoside, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy)-phenyl-2E-propenyl-β-glucoside, 4′,5-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy flavanone, 5,7-dimethoxy-4′-hydroxy flavanone [36] | Antihypertensive, cytotoxicity, vascular effects, antioxidant, antibacterial [34, 35, 37, 38] |
Rauwolfia macrophylla Ruiz & Pav. (1697/SRFK)/Apocynaceae | Measles or itching rash, fever, swellings, rheumatism, hepatitis, pneumonia, abdominal pain, cough and toothache, headache, insomnia and palpitation of the heart, abscess, roundworm, tapeworm, hypertension, epilepsy, eye diseases, venereal diseases [39] | Leaves, bark, roots | Reserpine, rescinnamine, ajmaline, methyl reserpate, normacusine B, suaveoline, serpentine, perakine, vomilenine, peraksine, dihydroperaksine, norajmaline, ajmalicinine, ajmalicine, geissoschizol, pleiocarpamine, α-yohimbine, alloyohimbine, yohimbine [40–43] | Antimycobacterial and Antibacterial activity, antioxidant [13, 44, 45] |
Phytochemical screening
The presence of compounds belonging to different classes of secondary metabolites was determined according to described methods [5].
Chemicals for antimicrobial assay
The reference antibiotic (RA) used against bacteria were chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France) meanwhile the bacterial growth indicator was p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride ≥ 97% (INT, Sigma-Aldrich).
Microbial strains and culture media
Microorganisms used in this study included 36 multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative belonging to Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa species and Gram-positive bacteria belonging to and Staphylococcus aureus species (Table 3). Their bacterial features were previous reported [6]. Mueller–Hinton Agar (Sigma) was used to activate the microorganisms whilst Mueller Hinton broth (MHB; Sigma) was used for antibacterial assays.
INT colorimetric assay for MIC and MBC determinations
The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of different plant extracts were determined by a by the rapid INT colorimetric assay according to described methods [3]. Chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the reference drugs for Gram-negative and Gram-positive respectively. Each plant extract was dissolved in a 5% DMSO solution; an aliquot of 100 μL was added to the wells of a microplate containing 100 μL of MHB; then serial dilution was performed. A bacterial suspension corresponding to 0.5 McFarland scale was prepared and diluted 100 times in the sterile MHB. Afterwards, 100 μL of the bacterial suspension was added to all wells and the plate was incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Bacterial growth was detected by adding 40 μL of INT (0.2 mg/mL) and the appearance of pink color indicated bacterial growth; the lowest concentration of the extract where no color change was observed was recorded as MIC.
For the determination of MBCs, we used new 96-well plates containing 150 μL of MHB in which we added an aliquot of 50 μL from the wells corresponding to MIC as well as upper concentrations. Those microplates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h and revelation was done as mentioned above and the lowest concentration indicating the absence of bacterial growth was considered as MBC. Each of the experiments was carried out in triplicate.
Results
Phytochemical composition and extraction yield of studied parts of plant
Plant name | Used part and extraction yield | Alkaloids | Triterpenes | Sterols | Flavonoids | Polyphenols | Saponins |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. buettneri | Whole plant (8.15%) | + | + | − | − | − | + |
A. floribunda | Leaves (4.36%) | − | + | + | − | − | + |
Stem-bark (2.88%) | + | + | − | − | + | + | |
C. purpurascens | Leaves (6.85%) | + | + | + | − | + | + |
E. prostrata | Whole plant (9.14%) | − | − | + | + | + | + |
M. tomentosa | Leaves (8.39%) | − | + | + | − | + | + |
Bark (5.31%) | − | + | − | − | + | + | |
V. album | Leaves (4.97%) | + | + | + | + | + | − |
Stem (14.85%) | + | + | + | + | + | − | |
R. macrophylla | Leaves (11.58%) | + | + | − | − | − | + |
Bark (17.26%) | + | + | − | − | − | + |
Antibacterial activity of studied parts of plant (MIC and MBC are in μg/mL)
Bacterial strains | Alchornea floribunda | Aloe buettneri (leaves) | Markhamia tomentosa | Euphorbia prostrata (whole plant) | Viscum album | Crinum purpurascens (leaves) | Rauwolfia macrophylla | RA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Stem bark | Leaves | Bark | Leaves | Stem | Leaves | Bark | Chloramphenicol | ||||
E. coli | ||||||||||||
ATCC8739 | – | – | – | – | – | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 128 (1024) | 256 | – | 2 (128) |
ATCC10536 | – | 1024 (−) | – | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | – | <2 (64) |
AG100 | – | – | – | 128 (−) | 256 (−) | 128 (512) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 8 (128) |
AG100A | – | – | 512 (−) | 128 (−) | 128 (512) | 256 (256) | – | – | 256 (−) | – | – | <2 (128) |
AG100ATET | – | – | – | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 −) | – | 32 (−) |
AG102 | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 64 (−) |
MC4100 | – | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 128 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | – | 16 (−) |
W311O | – | 256 (−) | – | 512 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 128 (−) | 2 (−) |
P. aeruginosa | ||||||||||||
PA 01 | – | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 128 (−) | – | 32 (−) |
PA 124 | – | – | – | – | – | 256 (−) | – | – | – | – | – | 128 (−) |
E. aerogenes | ||||||||||||
ATCC13048 | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | – | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 4 (32) |
EA-CM64 | – | – | – | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) |
EA3 | – | 256 (−) | – | – | 1024 (−) | 128 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) |
EA27 | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 32 (−) |
EA289 | – | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 64 (−) |
EA298 | – | 256 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | – | 256 (−) | – | 128 |
P. stuartii | ||||||||||||
NEA16 | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | – | – | – | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 32 (256) |
ATCC29916 | – | 1024 (−) | – | – | – | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 16 (256) |
PS2636 | – | 1024 (−) | – | – | – | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 16 (256) |
PS299645 | – | 512 (−) | – | – | – | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 64 (−) |
K. pneumoniae | ||||||||||||
ATCC11296 | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 8 (256) |
KP55 | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 32 (256) |
KP63 | – | – | – | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (1024) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 32 (−) |
K24 | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 64 (256) |
K2 | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 128 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 8 (256) |
E. cloacae | ||||||||||||
ECCI69 | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | – |
BM47 | – | 1024 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) |
BM67 | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | – | – |
BM94 | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | – | – | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | – | 128 (−) |
S. aureus | Ciprofloxacin | |||||||||||
ATCC25923 | 128 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 128 (−) | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | – | 1 (8) |
MRSA 3 | – | – | – | – | – | 1024 (−) | 1024 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | – | – | 32 (128) |
MRSA 4 | 256 (1024) | 256 (−) | 1024 (−) | 128 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 256 (−) | 128 (−) | – | 64 (128) |
MRSA 6 | 1024 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 1024 (−) | 256 (−) | 512 (−) | 128 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 64 (128) |
MRSA 8 | 128 (1024) | 1024 (−) | – | 256 (−) | – | 256 (−) | 256 (−) | 128 (1024) | 1024 (−) | 128 (−) | – | 16 (64) |
MRSA 11 | – | 256 (−) | – | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 512 (−) | – | 128 (256) |
MRSA 12 | 1024 (−) | – | – | 512 (−) | – | 512 (−) | 128 (−) | 512 (−) | 1024 (−) | 128 (−) | – | 32 (32) |
Discussion
The emergence of diseases due to MDR bacterial strains is a phenomenon of growing concern worldwide, being qualified by WHO as a “slow-moving tsunami” [7]. Medicinal plants are a promising alternative for the discovery of new anti-infective agents capable to fight against MDR phenotypes; hence, several phytochemicals have been tested against multi-resistant phenotypes [3, 8].
According to Simões et al. [9], a plant extract or phytochemicals can be considered as antimicrobials if the MIC obtain during in vitro tests is in the range 100–1000 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity obtained with E. prostrata extract is important as the extract was active on all MDR bacterial strains tested. MIC value of 256 μg/mL was recorded on strains over-expressing efflux pumps AcrAB-TolC (E. coli AG102 and E. aerogenes CM64) and MexAB-OprM (P. aeruginosa PA124) as well as against all MRSA strains. This remarkable activity on Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria may be due to the presence of phytochemicals that exhibit antimicrobial potential such as quercetin and kaempferol; in fact, their antibacterial properties’ vis-à-vis MRSA and multi-resistant Propionibacterium acnes were reported [10, 11]. Moreover, Tala et al. [12] have highlighted the in vivo anti-salmonella potential of this plant. The extracts from leaves of R. macrophylla and M. tomentosa exhibited better antibacterial activity than those obtained from their barks; this selective activity may be due the qualitative and/or quantitative difference in phytochemical contents of parts of the plants. The antibacterial activity obtained with R. macrophylla extracts may be due to the alkaloids present in this plant; in effect, Erasto et al. [13] have demonstrated the anti-mycobacterial extracts properties of alkaloids extracts from R. macrophylla. Viscum album extracts from various parts of plant were active on all bacterial species used in this study. This reflects the broad spectrum of activity phytochemical compounds available in these extracts like the triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids [14]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (PA01 and PA124) were not susceptible to the leaves extract of C. purpurascens although the fact that this was active on 29 strains out of the 36 tested (including all the MRSA strains); Voukeng et al. [3] have highlighted the involvement of efflux pumps-type RND as the major phenomenon of resistance of Gram-negative bacteria herein studied vis-à-vis of some plant extracts. The susceptibility of the studied MDR bacteria vis-à-vis of A. floribunda extracts varied depending on the part of the plant used; these results corroborate those obtained by Siwe et al. [15]. Who got MIC value of 130 μg/mL and 2000 μg/mL with the methanol extracts of the leaves and bark respectively against S. aureus ATCC 25923. Okoye and Ebi [16] showed that fractions from leaves extract of A. floribunda contained mostly terpenoids, and possessed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, Salmonella keitambii and Bacillus subtilis. Likewise, some flavonoids isolated from this plant such as taxifolin had MIC value of 225 μg/mL on the S. sobrinus [17].
Conclusion
This study highlights the efficacy of some Cameroonian medicinal plants against MDR phenotypes and the results obtained can serve as preliminary test for further experiments to isolate phytochemicals constituents with wide range antibacterial activity.
Abbreviations
- ATCC:
-
American type culture collection
- DMSO:
-
dimethyl sulfoxide
- E. prostrata :
-
Euphorbia prostrata
- HNC:
-
National Herbarium of Cameroon
- INT:
-
p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride ≥ 97% (INT, Sigma-Aldrich)
- MBC:
-
minimal bactericidal concentration
- MDR:
-
multidrug resistant
- MHB:
-
Mueller–Hinton Broth
- MIC:
-
minimal inhibitory concentration
- RA:
-
reference antibiotic
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
IKV carried out the study; IKV and VK designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; VK and VPB supervised the work; IKV and VK provided culture media, bacterial strains and other facilities. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to the Cameroon National Herbarium (Yaounde) for plants identification, Mr. Nganou Blaise and Tala Donald Sedric for their technical support.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are presented in this main paper. Plant materials used in this study have been identified at the Cameroon National Herbarium where voucher specimens are deposited.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethic approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding.
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Authors’ Affiliations
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