Skip to main content
Download PDF

Influence of sexual maturation status on the relationship between body adiposity indicators and age: a cross-sectional study

BMC Research Notes volume 12, Article number: 61 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

To determine the influence of sexual maturation status on adiposity indicators of children and adolescents.

Results

2412 individuals participated, 1285 (47.4%) males and 1408 (52.6%) females. There was moderate to weak correlation between age and adiposity indicators for both sexes. By analyzing the relationship between age and body fat indexes adjusted for Sexual Maturation Status, several changes were observed, mainly in girls. Precocious maturation was associated with increased adiposity indicators in girls, whereas late maturation was associated with decreased adiposity indicators in both sexes. Precocious maturation was associated with increased adiposity indicators in girls, whereas late maturation was associated with decreased adiposity indicators in both sexes.

Introduction

Different sexual maturation status are related to different times of exposure to changes in the pubertal repletion and spurt phase. The body fat and skinfolds tend to increase in the final stage of puberty (pubertal repletion) [1]. And the body weight of individuals will double in adulthood while there are in the spurt of growth [2]. There are several risk factors that can lead to weight gain, such as: eating habits [3, 4], practice or lack of physical exercises [5, 6], family and genetics [7, 8], social position [9, 10], and others less studied, such as living in rural or urban areas [11] and lack of vitamin D [12], as well as the status of sexual maturation [13]. Obesity is a disease associated with various metabolic, cardiac, and neoplastic syndromes and dysfunctions, which are mainly responsible for human mortality according to the World Health Organization [14].

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are public health problem because they increase the risk of developing, in adulthood, several chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases [14]. In addition, it is known in the literature that obesity can be associated with the stages of development: prenatal, neonatal and adolescence. In view of this, important factors that can lead to obesity are: pregnancy, breastfeeding and low social level. While the practice of physical exercises is a protective factor for overweight [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Both pubertal repletion and spurt lead to weight gain and occur during puberty because of sexual maturation, which also influences bone age (a way of describing the degree of maturation of a child’s bones), body mass, body diameter and muscle circumference [15], as well as behavioral and psychological changes, such as loss of food control [16].

Sexual maturation is an important biological marker. Its status can be classified as precocious, normal, or late. They may vary according to age and sex and are associated with both overweight and obesity in children and adolescents [17]. Given the relationship between sexual maturation, weight gain and excess weight, obesity status, and knowing that the times of exposure to the effects of sexual maturation may vary according to the maturation status; we ask if a variation can be established between in the relationship adiposity indicators and age based on the sexual maturation status in boys and girls.

To answer this question, we analyzed the correlation between age and adiposity indicators adjusted for sexual maturation status and sex of children aged 8–14 years, obtained from a database collected in 2007. Testing the hypothesis that the indicators of adiposity vary with age and sexual maturation in both sexes.

Main text

Materials and methods

Study design

This was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted following the standards for observational studies of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [18].

Study population

A total of 2412 individuals, 47.4% (n = 1285) males and 52.6% (n = 1408) females, were analyzed.

Data collection took place between the months of March and April 2007, in the city of Florianópolis, located in the state of Santa Catarina, southern region of Brazil.

For the selection of the sample, four schools, two public and two private, were selected in the central region of Florianópolis, where there is a concentration of almost 50% of all students enrolled in the municipality. The students were stratified according to sex and age in each school. The choice of students was made randomly.

Data source

Individuals eligible for the study were children of both sexes, from public and private schools, living in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. In this place was collected the database from 2007 that we chosen to develop this research. The sampling was probabilistic, and the sample was representative of Brazilian children and adolescent population. The database was structured through the formation of a group responsible for data collection, consisting of 10 people previously trained in a workshop that took place between September 2006 and March 2007. The process of bank structuring and data reliability has been described in other studies [19, 20].

Ethical aspects

This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (process no. 028/066).

Variables analyzed in the study

The criteria used to determine the variables were:

  1. i.

    Overweight:

    1. a.

      Excess weight was determined using the body mass index (BMI).

    2. b.

      BMI was calculated from measured body weight (Kg) and height (m2). For the measurement of weight, the individual remained in the orthostatic position (of foot, with the body erect) with the divided weight on both feet, holding the head of According to the Frankfurt Plan, shoulders relaxed and relaxed arms laterally. The child was barefoot and wearing lightweight (preferably without jeans, sweatshirts or jackets). For the measure of height the child also remained in the orthostatic position, feet together, weight divided into both feet, upper back playing the stadiometer, head according to with the Frankfurt plan, relaxed shoulders and loose arms laterally.

    3. c.

      Body weight was measured to the nearest of 50 g using an electronic scale (model PP 180, Marte®, Minas Gerais, Brazil), capacity of 180 kg; height was measured to the nearest of 1 mm by Alturexata® stadiometer.

    4. d.

      For the analyses, the cut-off points for overweight by age and sex was based on the World Health Organization’s guidelines [21].

  2. ii.

    Birth weight:

    1. a.

      The birth weight of schoolchildren was reported by parents or guardians. Students were classified as having low weight (< 2.500 g), normal weight (≥ 2.500–3.999 g), or high weight (≥ 4.000 g) [14].

  3. iii.

    Overweight mother:

    1. a.

      Overweight mothers (≥ 25 kg/m2) of the children were classified following the recommendations provided by the World Health Organization, also according to BMI.

  4. iv.

    Classification of sexual maturation:

    1. a.

      In order to classify the sexual maturation, we used the criteria established by Tanner et al. [22].

Body adiposity

Body adiposity was assessed using the following indicators: (i) arm circumference; (ii) triceps skinfold; (iii) calf skinfolds, and (iv) total skinfolds. Triceps and calf skinfolds and arm circumference were individually analyzed as indicators of peripheral fat and the total of the four folds as an indicator of general adiposity.

Adiposity indicators evaluated by adipometer and cirtometry, respectively. A manual adipometer was used to evaluate body fat (skinfolds). The cirtometry consists of a set of measures of the circumferences of chest and abdomen during the respiratory movements. A tape measure was used for such measurements. The team that collected the data participated in a pilot study and training of standardization of anthropometric measures to measure intra and interrater errors.

Sexual maturation status classification

To classify the sexual maturation status, we used the criteria established by Tanner [22]. The process of collecting the information was self-assessed by children and adolescents. For this, the students went to the room where the evaluation of sexual maturation would take place. In this room, there was an experienced researcher who explained how the school should proceed. At the time of choosing the stage, the assessed was left alone in the room.

Sexual maturation status was classified based on age tertiles for each stage [23]:

  1. i.

    Precocious sexual maturation—individuals below the first tertile.

  2. ii.

    Late sexual maturation—individuals who were above the second tertile.

  3. iii.

    Normal sexual maturation—individuals between the first and second tertiles.

Data analyses

We used the central tendency measures (with their respective 95% confidence intervals—CI) and Rao-Scott test to analyse the qualitative variables. Median was used to describe adiposity (due to non-normality of the data—Shapiro–Wilk test; P < 0.05) based on the sexual maturation status of boys and girls, stratified by age at 6-month intervals. For quantitative variables we used Mann–Whitney test to determine the differences in some of the study variable between males (boy) and females (girls).

Interquartile regression was used to analyze the median relationship of age-adjusted adiposity indicators according to each sexual maturation status using the following equation:

$${\text{Y}}, \, \beta 0\, + \,\beta 1 {\text{x}},\quad {\text{which were estimated}}$$

Y, age-adjusted adiposity indicators; Β, the median variation of the adiposity indicator for each year; 95% CI do β, 95% CI of the median variation of the adiposity indicator for each year; r2, predictive capability; P value, probability value.

Given the complexity of the sampling process, a correction was performed for the complex sample using the svy command in Stata 11.0.

Results

The current overweight prevalence was 34.9 (95% CI, 31.3–38.6%) and 25.0 (95% CI, 21.9–32.7%) in boys and girls, respectively (P < 0.001). Except the birth weight condition (P < 0.001), other variables did not differ between sex. The median age in both sexes was approximately 12 years (Table 1).

Table 1 Characteristics of children and adolescents aged 8 to 14 years
Full size table

In boys, adiposity indicators increased with age, except for the triceps skinfold. Age and arm circumference (rho = 0.519; P < 0.001) were moderately correlated, whereas age and calf skinfold (rho = 0.102; P = 0.003) as well as the total of all skinfolds (rho = 0.136; P < 0.001) were weakly correlated (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Correlation between age and body adiposity indicators in boys. Β: slope of interquartile regression

Full size image

In girls, all adiposity indicators increased with age, as illustrated by the moderate correlation between arm circumference and age (rho = 0.527; P < 0.001) and weak correlation between age and the triceps skinfold (rho = 0.244; P < 0.001), calf skinfold (rho = 0.271; P < 0.001), and total of all skinfolds (rho = 0.314; P < 0.001) (Additional file 1: Figure S1).

When analyzing the relationship between age and adiposity indicators adjusted for the sexual maturation status, we observed several changes, mainly in girls.

In boys who matured late, a decrease of − 0.78 (ranging from − 1.39 to − 0.16) in the circumference of the arm, which was not observed in those who matured in the normal period, was found (P = 0.792). In girls, adiposity indicators in those who mature in the normal period did not change, presenting as a random finding (P > 0.05). However, all indicators significantly increased (P < 0.05) in those who mature precocious, but significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in those who mature late (Table 2).

Table 2 Influence of sexual maturation status on adiposity indicators in Brazilian children
Full size table

When analyzing the relationship between adiposity and age indicators according to the sexual maturation and status of Brazilian children and adolescents, we found that (i) boys who matured late have a decrease in arm circumference, not found in boys who matured in the normal period and (ii) adiposity indicators increased with age in girls who matured precocious, but decreased in those who matured late.

Discussion

Although several other studies have examined the association between sexual maturation status and obesity [15, 17, 24, 25], few studies have related sexual maturation to adiposity indicators. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to analyze the influence of sexual maturation status on the relationship between increased body adiposity and age in Brazilian children.

Other studies relating sexual maturation to adiposity indicators were conducted in Norway and the United States. Bratberg et al. [26], who studied 1605 adolescents in Norway, found that the waist circumference of girls with precocious sexual maturation status was associated with overweight. Staiano et al. [13], who studied 382 children and adolescents aged 7 to 16 years in the United States, found that the mammary phase of sexual maturation can influence both subcutaneous adipose and visceral tissue development in girls. According to Ferriani and Santos [1], during the growth process, a stage of pubertal repletion and spurt occurs. In repletion, body fat and skinfolds increase, while in spurt, the growth rate increases. At the end of the spurt, growth slows down and menarche ensues; and girls gain weight by increasing adipose tissue on a larger scale than boys, which is consistent with our results. Endocrine changes present in the pubertal process would be responsible for weight gain. Testosterone levels are known to be low and estradiol levels are high in obese adolescents [27]. This inverse relationship may be due to the high level of aromatase as the body weight increases. Because estradiol is related to fat and testosterone accumulation and hair development, its altered levels during puberty may explain why some studies associate obesity in children with the late appearance of pubic hair [28].

Marcovecchio [29] suggested the hypothesis that childhood obesity would promote the precocious onset of sexual maturation, reporting that during the prepubertal years, obese children would have higher growth velocity and accelerated bone age compared to lean individuals. Some studies relate leptin, produced in the adipose tissue, with the onset of puberty. However, some studies also dispute this theory by claiming that leptin does not have an ideal metabolic potential to promote puberty. Thus, Choi [30] reported that the exact primary mechanisms leading to puberty are not yet known.

In addition, we also observed that adiposity indicators tend to be higher in girls with precocious sexual maturation, but lower in those with late maturation. These findings are similar to those found in previous cross-sectional studies [15, 25] that the precocious onset of sexual maturation tend to be associated with obesity. In a study by Chipkevitch [31], girls have a higher fat deposition rate than boys, which intensifies after the peak of growth velocity during the menarche. Thus, girls have a certain propensity to gain weight with the onset of puberty, which explains the results found in the present study. All adiposity variables of the female sex were significant in precocious and late periods of sexual maturation (being that when precocious, a trend of growth indicators is obvious, which reverses when the maturation is late).

With this, we conclude that females have a natural tendency to gain weight, which intensifies over the years during menarche and precocious maturation. Although other studies agree with this finding [23]; the mechanism by which late sexual maturation leads to a tendency to reduce weight remains a gap that needs to be answered based on physiological or behavioral changes, as well as the changes found in girls.

The strengths of this study include the large sample size, larger than those in the United States [13] and Norway [26], and the adjusted analysis for complex samples on the correlation between age and adiposity indicators based on the sexual maturation status for each sex.

Conclusion

Sexual maturation status can influence the relationship between adiposity and age indicators in girls, which increases as they mature precocious and decreases as they mature late. In boys, the late maturation status is associated with decreased triceps skinfold and age.

Limitations

This study has some limitations as: its cross-sectional nature, which can only establish correlation, not causality. So, we are not able to say if overweight or obesity independently predict early sexual maturation. But we can affirm that these variables are correlated. Moreover, given the retrospective nature of this analysis, the data available at the time of collection were limited, and performing other analyses adjusted by other factors, such as ethnicity, is impossible [13].

Abbreviations

BMI:

body mass index

CI:

confidence interval

References

  1. Ferriani MGC, SANTOS GVB. Adolescência, puberdade e nutrição. Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem Adolescer: compreender, atuar, acolher Brasília (DF): ABEn 2001. p. 77–92.

  2. Chipkevitch E. Clinical assessment of sexual maturation in adolescents. Jornal de pediatria. 2001;77(Suppl 2):S135–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Robinson E, Aveyard P, Jebb SA. Is plate clearing a risk factor for obesity? A cross-sectional study of self-reported data in US adults. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2015;23(2):301–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sun J, Buys NJ, Hills AP. Dietary pattern and its association with the prevalence of obesity, hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors among Chinese older adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(4):3956–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bell JA, Hamer M, Batty GD, Singh-Manoux A, Sabia S, Kivimaki M. Combined effect of physical activity and leisure time sitting on long-term risk of incident obesity and metabolic risk factor clustering. Diabetologia. 2014;57(10):2048–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chaput J, Leduc G, Boyer C, Belanger P, LeBlanc A, Borghese M, Tremblay M. Objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and sleep duration: independent and combined associations with adiposity in canadian children. Nutr Diabetes. 2014;4(6):e117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zong X-N, Li H, Zhang Y-Q. Family-related risk factors of obesity among preschool children: results from a series of national epidemiological surveys in China. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tchoubi S, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Noubiap JJN, Asangbeh SL, Nkoum BA, Sobngwi E. Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among children aged 6–59 months in Cameroon: a multistage, stratified cluster sampling nationwide survey. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12):e0143215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ritterman Weintraub ML, Fernald LC, Goodman E, Guendelman S, Adler NE. Obesity-related behaviors among poor adolescents and young adults: is social position associated with risk behaviors? Front Public Health. 2015;3:224.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Cameron AJ, Spence AC, Laws R, Hesketh KD, Lioret S, Campbell KJ. A review of the relationship between socioeconomic position and the early-life predictors of obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2015;4(3):350–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cohen SA, Kelley L, Bell AE. Spatiotemporal discordance in five common measures of rurality for US counties and applications for health disparities research in older adults. Front Public Health. 2015;3:267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Yao Y, Zhu L, He L, Duan Y, Liang W, Nie Z, Jin Y, Wu X, Fang Y. A meta-analysis of the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and obesity. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(9):14977.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Staiano AE, Broyles ST, Gupta AK, Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT. Maturity-associated variation in total and depot-specific body fat in children and adolescents. Am J Hum Biol. 2013;25(4):473–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. de Onis M, Habicht J-P. Anthropometric reference data for international use: recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(4):650–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. de Pádua Cintra I, de Moraes Ferrari GL, Soares ACDSV, Passos MAZ, Fisberg M, de Souza Vitalle MS. Body fat percentiles of Brazilian adolescents according to age and sexual maturation: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Vannucci A, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Ranzenhofer LM, Kelly NR, Hannallah LM, Pickworth CK, Grygorenko MV, Brady SM, Condarco TA, Kozlosky M. Puberty and the manifestations of loss of control eating in children and adolescents. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(7):738–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Adami F, Vasconcelos FDAGD. Obesidade e maturação sexual precoce em escolares de Florianópolis-SC. Rev Brasil Epidemiol. 2008;11:549–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Malta M, Cardoso LO, Bastos FI, Magnanini MMF, Silva CMFPD. Iniciativa STROBE: subsídios para a comunicação de estudos observacionais. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2010;44:559–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Assis MAA, Calvo MCM, Kupek E, Vasconcelos FD, Campos VC, Machado M, Costa FFD, Andrade DFD. Qualitative analysis of the diet of a probabilistic sample of schoolchildren from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, using the Previous Day Food Questionnaire. Cadernos Saude Publica. 2010;26:1355–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Benedet J, Assis MAA, Calvo MCM, Andrade DF. Overweight in adolescents: exploring potential risk factors. Revista Paulista Pediatria. 2013;31(2):172–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Onis MD, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Org. 2007;85:660–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tanner J, Whitehouse R, Marubini E, Resele L. The adolescent growth spurt of boys and girls of the Harpenden growth study. Ann Hum Biol. 1976;3(2):109–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Benedet J, da Silva LA, Adami F, de Fragas HP, de Vasconcelos FDAG. Association of sexual maturation with excess body weight and height in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14(1):72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Luciano AP, Benedet J, de Abreu LC, Valenti VE, de Souza Almeida F, de Vasconcelos FA, Adami F. Median ages at stages of sexual maturity and excess weight in school children. Reprod Health. 2013;10(1):56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Song Y, Ma J, Wang H-J, Wang Z, Hu P, Zhang B, Agardh A. Trends of age at menarche and association with body mass index in Chinese school-aged girls, 1985–2010. J Pediatr. 2014;165(6):1172–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bratberg GH, Nilsen TI, Holmen TL, Vatten LJ. Early sexual maturation, central adiposity and subsequent overweight in late adolescence: a four-year follow-up of 1605 adolescent Norwegian boys and girls: the Young HUNT study. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Vandewalle S, Taes Y, Fiers T, Van Helvoirt M, Debode P, Herregods N, Ernst C, Van Caenegem E, Roggen I, Verhelle F. Sex steroids in relation to sexual and skeletal maturation in obese male adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):2977–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Crocker MK, Stern EA, Sedaka NM, Shomaker LB, Brady SM, Ali AH, Shawker TH, Hubbard VS, Yanovski JA. Sexual dimorphisms in the associations of BMI and body fat with indices of pubertal development in girls and boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):E1519–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F. Obesity and growth during childhood and puberty. Nutrition and Growth, vol. 106. Karger: Karger Publishers; 2013. p. 135–41.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Choi J-H, Yoo H-W. Control of puberty: genetics, endocrinology, and environment. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013;20(1):62–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chipkevitch E. Puberdade e adolescência: aspectos biológicos, clínicos e psicossociais. Roca; 1994.

  32. Editors PM. Observational studies: getting clear about transparency. PLoS Med. 2014;11(8):1001711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

LART: made substantial contributions to conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data. FWSF: been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. FA: revising it critically for important intellectual content and given final approval of the version to be published. JB: made substantial contributions to acquisition of data and analysis. FAGV: made substantial contributions to design, acquisition of data, and analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The process of bank structuring and data reliability has been described in other studies. And can be accessed in these [19, 20]. Therefore, the database is available in these previously published articles.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (process no. 028/066).

Funding source

This study was funded by Foundation for Research Support of São Paulo (FAPESP) with the Process No. 2016/05486-7. A State Agency that funded the study through a fellowship of scientific initiation. This agency funded the scholarship grant to Livia Akemi Ramos Takahashi, which made possible her involvement in the project. The money was used with materials of office and transport of the researcher until the headquarters of the work.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Epidemiology and Data Analysis Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil

    Livia Akemi Ramos Takahashi, Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo & Fernando Adami

  2. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil

    Jucemar Benedet & Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos

Authors
  1. Livia Akemi Ramos Takahashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jucemar Benedet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fernando Adami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Livia Akemi Ramos Takahashi.

Additional file

Additional file 1: Figure S1.

Correlation between age and body adiposity indicators in girls.

Annex

Annex

See Table 3.

Table 3 STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of cross-sectional studies [32]
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Takahashi, L.A.R., dos Santos Figueiredo, F.W., Benedet, J. et al. Influence of sexual maturation status on the relationship between body adiposity indicators and age: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 12, 61 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4095-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4095-5

Keywords

BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

Contact us