Materials and methods
Cell culture and establishment of 3T3-L1 cell lines that stably express mest
We employed the pcDNA3.1 plasmid vector containing both the Mest and a neomycin resistance gene [12]. The 3T3-L1 cells (5 × 105) were seeded onto 60-mm dishes one day prior to transfection in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Calf serum (CS) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The cells were treated with a complex of Lipofectamine 3000 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 5 µg of plasmid DNA. After 24 h of incubation, the cells were trypsinized and seeded into 100-mm dishes; then, neomycin-resistant cells were selected with 1 mg/mL G418. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, mock-transfected cells, and Mest expression vector-transfected 3T3-L1 cells, designated 3T3-L1-Mest, were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% CS at 37 °C in the presence of 5% CO2.
RNA isolation and gene expression analysis using by RT-PCR
The total cellular RNA was isolated using RNAiso Plus (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan). The RNA from each sample was reverse-transcribed using a High-Capacity cDNA RT kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). PCR was performed within a linear range of amplification using the primer sets indicated in Additional file 1: Table S1. The PCR products were resolved on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized with ethidium bromide using a LAS-4000 mini image analyzer (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan).
Immunoblotting for expressed Mest protein
The cells were digested using mammalian protein extraction reagent (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA), which contained a protein inhibitor cocktail (Complete Mini; Roche Diagnostics. K.K., Basel, Switzerland) After centrifugation at 20400g for 15 min at 4 °C, aliquots of the supernatants were treated with 25 mM mercaptoethanol, boiled at 100 °C for 2 min, and 20 μg of protein from each sample was resolved using a sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in a 10% gel. The proteins were transferred from the gel to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane in a basic transfer buffer (48 mM Tris, 39 mM glycine, and 20% methanol, pH 9.2) using an electroblotter. Proteins were visualized by immunostaining with a primary antibody (either a goat anti-Mest antibody (1:1,000) or a rabbit anti-β-actin IgG (1:5,000) (Abcam Ltd., Cambridge, UK)), a secondary antibody (either a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-goat IgG (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) or HRP-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibody (Abcam Ltd.)), and a chemiluminescent substrate (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) using an LAS-4000 mini image analyzer. Prestained protein markers (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) were used as the standard molecular mass proteins.
Differentiation induction toward adipocytes and hepatocytes
The cells were seeded at a density of 3 × 104 cells/cm2 and precultured for two days. Adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes was induced on day 0 by replacing the original medium with DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with an adipogenic cocktail (1 µg/ml insulin, 1 μM dexamethasone (DEX), and 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (Sigma-Aldrich). After two days (day 2), the culture medium was changed to DMEM containing 10% FBS supplemented with 1 µg/ml insulin, and the cells were cultured for two more days. On day 4, the medium was replaced with DMEM containing 10% FBS, subsequently the cells were cultured until day 8. For trans-differentiation into hepatocytes, the cells were treated with 1 µM DEX in DMEM containing 10% FBS for four days, and then the medium was replaced and cells were treated DMEM containing 10% FBS for four more days.
Oil Red O staining
Lipid accumulation was evaluated by measuring Oil Red O retention. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan) and stained with 3 mg/mL Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich) in 60% 2-propanol. To quantify intracellular lipid accumulation, the absorbance of Oil Red O was measured at 520 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer.
Knockdown of Mest by siRNA
We transfected the cells with stealth siRNAs targeting mouse Mest mRNA and a RNAi negative control (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at a final concentration of 20 nM using Lipofectamine RNAi MAX (Life Technologies Carlsbad, CA, USA). The sequences of the siRNAs and negative control RNAs are shown in Additional file 2: Table S2.
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for glycogen
The cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. After rinsing in distilled water, the samples were oxidized in 0.5% periodic acid (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) for 10 min and then reacted with Schiff’s reagent (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) for 30 min. Cells were rinsed again, this time in tap water for 5 min. Samples were counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin for 1 min and rinsed with distilled water.
Measurement surface area of cells
The cells were trypsinized and resuspended in DMEM + 10% CS. The cell suspension was then applied to a cell counter plate. Images were obtained using the TrueChrome II (TUCSEN Photonics, Fuzhou, China). The surface area of the cells in the images was calculated using the software functions of the adjusted threshold and analyzed using ImageJ (ImageJ: http://imagej.nih.gov/ij).
Statistical analysis
BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research Information, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the statistical analysis. Data sets were compared for significant differences by one-way analysis of variance using the Dunnett’s test or the paired Student’s t-test.
Results
Expression of recombinant mouse Mest and Mest protein in transformed 3T3-L1 cells
We compared Mest expression levels between 3T3-L1 cells, 3T3-L1-Mest, and mock-transfected cells. While the expression level of Mest in mock-transfected cells was similar to that of the parent cells, Mest mRNA was significantly expressed in the 3T3-L1-Mest cells (Fig. 1A and Additional file 3: Fig. S1A, B). Immunoblotting analysis with an anti-Mest protein antibody revealed a significant increase in Mest protein, an approximately 53-kDa protein in 3T3-L1-Mest cells, compared with the mock-transfected cells (Fig. 1B and Additional file 3: Fig. S1C, D).
Overexpression of Mest decreases in lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
To evaluate the effect of Mest gene overexpression on adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, the retention of Oil Red O in lipid droplets was measured. The quantity of Oil Red O in differentiated 3T3-L1-Mest adipocytes was half of that in mock-transfected cells (Fig. 1C–E).
Silencing of Mest gene stimulates adipocyte differentiation
To analyze the loss of function of the Mest on adipocyte differentiation, we used two siRNAs targeting Mest mRNA. The Mest mRNA expression levels increased on day 3 and remained steady until day 7 during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells (Fig. 2A), as reported previously [9]. Both siRNAs 1 and 2 repressed the upregulation of Mest mRNA and protein expression (Fig. 2A, B, and Additional file 4: Fig. S2A–D). Treatment with the siRNAs for the Mest significantly increased lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Fig. 2C, D).
Mest induces cell enlargement of 3T3-L1 preadiocytes
While more than half of 3T3-L1-mock cells hadcell surface area less than 400 µm2, most of 3T3-Mest preadipocytes showed over 400 µm2 (Fig. 3A). These results suggested that the Mest causes cell enlargement in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but not adipocytes.
Mest induces trans-differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes toward hepatocyte-like cells
Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes [13, 14]. The MSCs can also be transdifferentiated into hepatocytes [15]. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was suppressed during the trans-differentiation of human MSCs toward hepatocytes [16, 17]. This suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling enhanced the hepatic differentiation of MSCs [16,17,18]. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes are derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts [19] and are differentiated into adipocyte-like cells by treatment with an adipogenic cocktail [20]. 3T3-L1 cells are that are similar to the MSC lineage and can differentiate into osteoblasts [21,22,23,24]. Jung et al. reported that Mest inhibits Wnt signaling through the regulation of LRP6 glycosylation [10]. We hypothesized that Mest overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells induced the dedifferentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into MSCs or the trans-differentiation into hepatocytes. We confirmed the mRNA expression levels of the hepatocyte marker genes, including albumin (ALB) and α-fetoprotein (AFP), in 3T3-L1 mock and Mest cells. Increased expression of ALB mRNA and weak expression of AFP mRNA were observed in 3T3-L1-Mest cells (Fig. 3B, and Additional file 5: Fig. S3A–D). DEX was shown to induce trans-differentiation of MSCs into hepatocytes [25]. In addition, DEX induced polygonal and cuboidal morphology in rat primary hepatocytes [26]. 3T3-L1-Mest and mock-transfected cells were treated with 1 μM DEX. In the presence of DEX, forced expression of the Mest gene caused morphological changes in 3T3-L1 cells with flat and polygonal shapes and intracellular glycogen accumulation, which are both features of liver cells (Fig. 3C).
