Skip to main content
Download PDF

Associations of dietary inflammatory index, serum levels of MCP-1 and body composition in Iranian overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

BMC Research Notes volume 13, Article number: 544 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Objective

Although, several studies have illustrated that there is a relation between dietary inflammatory index (DII) with obesity-related parameters, and inflammation, their results were controversial. This study aimed to investigate this relationship among Iranian women.

Results

Multivariable linear regression showed that fat mass was 0.14 kg lower in the anti-inflammatory diet group, with respect to the pro-inflammatory group, after adjusting covariates such as age, physical activity, economic and job status (β = − 0.142, 95% CI − 4.44, − 1.71, P = 0.03). Fat-free mass (FFM) was 1.5 kg more in the anti-inflammatory diet group, compared to the pro-inflammatory diet group, after adjusting for potentials cofounders (β = 1.50, 95% CI 0, 3.01, p = 0.05). Furthermore, after adjusting for potentials cofounders, it was revealed that the subjects with lower DII had lower monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in serum (β = − 18.81, 95% CI − 35.84, − 1.79, p = 0.03). These findings suggest an inverse and significant relationship between DII and FFM and also DII is directly related to Fat mass and the level of MCP-1. This finding can be used for developing interventions that aim to promote healthy eating to prevent inflammation and non-communicable disease development among obese females.

Introduction

Over the past 3 decades, the prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled worldwide [1]. The mean Body mass index(BMI) for women rose by 0.5 kg/m2 per decade from 1980 to 2008 globally [2]. Notably, it has been suggested that more than 21% of women will be obese by 2030 internationally [3]. Obesity results in inflammation cascade [4] and increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension (HTN), and stroke [5,6,7,8].

Obesity is contributed to low-grade systemic inflammation however, the exact underlying molecular pathway did not understand completely. It has been proposed, however, that this inflammation is created by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by infiltrated macrophages in adipose tissue [9,10,11]. The underlying mechanism can be explained by penetration macrophage into adipose tissue, some chemotactic molecules such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), are secreted by white adipose tissue (WAT) [12]. MCP-1 is known as the main ligand of chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) [13] That plays an important role in obesity-induced inflammatory responses [14]. MCP-1 levels have been related to many diseases, such as CVD, diabetes [15,16,17]. Recent studies showed that MCP-1 levels can be decreased by an anti-inflammatory diet, such as a Mediterranean diet[18, 19].

Based on the consumption of 45 specific foods and nutrients, dietary inflammatory index (DII) demonstrates the serum levels of six inflammatory biomarkers [Interleukin1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and C-reactive protein (CRP)] [20]. Moreover, many studies revealed that healthy and unhealthy dietary index such as a vegetarian diet is associated with anthropometric measures or body composition. [21,22,23,24]. To our knowledge, a limited number of studies have investigated the relationship between DII, body composition, and serum MCP-1 nevertheless, this association had not been evaluated in Iran. Consequently, the present study decided to assess the relationships between DII with MCP1 and body composition.

Main text

Methods

Study design and population

A cohort of 280 non-postmenopausal and healthy women aged 18≤ years, who referred to health centers in Tehran, Iran, in 2018 was recruited in this cross-sectional study. Multistage cluster random sampling method was used to select certain regions from among all the regions of the city; finally, 20 clusters were chosen to select the obese and overweight participants (BMI: 25–40 kg/m2). The exclusion criteria were as follows: a history of any acute or chronic diseases such as hypertension, CVD, diabetes mellitus, hepatic or renal disease or alcohol consumption, regular usage of medicine other than birth control pills, pregnancy, or lactation. They were excluded if adhered to special dietary patterns or had any significant body weight fluctuations over the past year.

Dietary measurements & DII calculation

Dietary assessment was carried out by a validated and reliable 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency question (FFQ) designed according to the Willett study that administered by a trained nutritionist to assess the average daily intake for last year [25]. The FFQ consisted of a list of foods with standard serving sizes. Participants were asked to report their frequency and the amount of each food item consumed during the previous year on a daily (e.g., bread), weekly (e.g., rice, meat), or monthly (e.g., fish) basis. Household measures were used to convert portion sizes of the consumed foods into grams [26], and an estimated average daily intake of food parameters was calculated from the FFQ using NUTRITIONIST IV software (version 7.0; N-Squared Computing, Salem, OR). FFQ-derived dietary data were used to calculate DII scores for all participants. The dietary data were linked to the regionally representative world database that included food consumption from eleven populations around the world and provided a robust estimate of a mean and standard deviation for each parameter [27]. In order to get z-scores, the "standard global mean" was subtracted from the actual dietary intake amount, and this value was divided by the standard deviation. Subsequently, to minimize the effect of ‘right skewing’, these z-scores were converted into a percentile – each percentile score was doubled and then subtracted by 1. The centered percentile score for each food parameter for each individual was then multiplied by the respective food parameter effect score, to obtain a food parameter-specific DII score for an individual [27]. Subsequently, all of the food parameter-specific DII scores were summed together to calculate the overall DII score. Higher DII scores indicated a more pro-inflammatory diet; whereas lower values represented more anti-inflammatory diets [27]. A total of 29 food parameters were available from the FFQ, were used to calculate DII (namely: energy, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, omega-3, omega-6 fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc, β carotene, vitamin A, C, D, E and tea, onion, caffeine).

Biochemical assessment

All Biochemical analyses were carried out on venous blood samples that were collected after 12 h fasting, and the serum was centrifuged, liquated, then stored at – 80 °C. Serum MCP-1 levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method with an appropriate kit (Zell Bio GmbH, ULM, Germany, assay range: 5 ng/L-1500 ng/L, sensitivity: 2.4 ng/L, inter-assay variability: CV<12%, intra-assay variability: CV<10%).

Anthropometric assessment

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (InBody 720, Korea) was utilized to calculate body composition measures, including body fat mass and fat-free mass. Anthropometric measures such as body weight, BMI, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured for all participants. Height was characterized while the subjects were in a standing position without shoes, in contact with the wall with their head, shoulders, heels, and hips, and their height was recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm with Seca 206. All of the measurements were done by expert trained technicians and based on specific guidelines, in order to reduce interpersonal variation.

Physical activity assessment

The required information on physical activities in three levels of mild, moderate, and vigorous for research purpose was achieved by using The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which can be applied by young and middle-aged adults (18–65years). All these sub-components were summed across MET scores and MET-minutes per week (MET-min/wk) were computed and then the total physical activity from all activity categories was reported [28].

Statistical analyses

DII (dichotomous) was examined across the quantitative characteristics. These were analyzed through an independent sample T-test. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between DII score with fat-free mass and serum MCP-1 levels, adjusted for potential confounding factors. The results are reported as a percentage change (β), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). P values of <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).

Results

Study population characteristics

The DII score in this study ranged from − 4.14 (most anti-inflammatory score) to 3.89 (most pro-inflammatory score). DII was categorized based on the median value of the DII (0.05). A total of 280 females were categorized, based on the DII level, into the anti-inflammatory diet (DII ≤ 0.05) and the pro-inflammatory diet (DII > 0.06) groups. Participant characteristics by DII categories are provided in Table 1. There were no significant differences observed in participant characteristics across the two DII groups. Notably, there were significant differences in fat-free mass (P = 0.021) among DII group members and MCP-1 serum levels and physical activity among the DII categories (P < 0.0001).

Table 1 Participant characteristics and body composition by DII Level
Full size table

DII food parameters intakes across the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diet are shown in Table 2. No significant differences were noted regarding energy intakes between DII groups (Table 2). However, among DII groups, some nutrient intakes, such as total fat (P = 0.013), saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), omega-6 fatty acids, and Vitamin E (P < 0.0001) was higher with those in the pro-inflammatory group, whereas riboflavin (P = 0.021), Vitamin C (P = 0.031) and Beta-carotene (P < 0.0001) were lower intakes mean in the pro-inflammatory diet group compared to the anti-inflammatory diet group (Table 2).

Table 2 DII food parameters intake according to DII group
Full size table

Results obtained from modeling DII as a dichotomous variable in relation to the fat-free mass showed a negative association and positive association between DII adherence and fat-free mass and fat mass respectively, after adjustment for age, physical activity, economic and job status (P = 0.05, P = 0.03) (Table 3). As shown in Table 3, the fat-free mass was 1.5 kg more in the anti-inflammatory diet group, compared to the pro-inflammatory diet group, with adjusted confounders (β = 1.50, 95% CI 0, 3.01, P = 0.05), fat mass was 0.14 kg lower in the anti-inflammatory diet group, with respect to the pro-inflammatory group, with adjusted covariates (β = − 0.142, 95% CI − 4.44, − 1.71, P = 0.03). Linear regression tests demonstrated a positive relationship between DII and serum MCP-1 level after adjusting for confounders (P = 0.03). MCP-1 serum levels was 18.81 lower in the anti-inflammatory diet group, with respect to the pro-inflammatory group, with adjusted covariates (β = − 18.81, 95% CI − 35.84, − 1.79, P = 0.03) (Table 3).

Table 3 The Association between DII, Fat-Free Mass, Fat Mass, and MCP-1
Full size table

Discussion

The current study set out to examine the associations between dietary inflammatory potential, body composition, and inflammation in Iranian obese women. Previous studies have shown that different dietary components have varying effects on body composition, and inflammation. In this cross-sectional study, it was found that subjects with a higher DII had lower fat-free mass and higher fat mass than others, independent of potential confounders. Furthermore, independent of confounders, the DII, and MCP-1 are related.

A dissident study in Spain demonstrated that a higher DII score was inversely associated with obesity-related parameters such as FFM and weight [29]. The previous papers have shown DII was related to higher average BMI, WC, and WHR [23, 30, 31]. The associations between fat mass, BMI, and waist circumference with inflammatory molecules such as IL-1, IL-6 have been suggested [32, 33]. In this context, increased circulating cytokine levels, have been described in relation to a decrease in FFM [34]. A possible mechanism was theorized that a diet with an inflammation-induced potential is correlated with higher inflammatory response, and may result in lower fat-free mass. Furthermore, individuals with higher adherence to DII had a lower intake of some nutrients like vitamins C and E, magnesium, potassium, and a range of carotenoids such as Beta carotene that the amount of intake of these nutrients was positively associated with muscle mass in women. Moreover, based on previous evidence, higher adherence to the healthy dietary pattern as the Mediterranean Diet, Healthy Diet Indicator, Diet Quality Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, and DASH-style was significantly associated with measurements of muscle mass. Consumption of a variety of plant-based nutrients and overall higher quality in some dietary patterns resulted in the conservation of muscle mass [35]. M. Ruiz-Canela et al. shows participants with higher pro-inflammatory diet also had higher BMI and WHR [36]. Some potential mechanisms are hypothesized, such as activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as nod and toll-like receptors (TLRs), that induce the activation of inflammatory markers particularly in adipose tissues [37]. Also, intestinal microbiota may be affected by high-fat or low-fiber dietary patterns, which also appear to be associated with low-grade inflammation and obesity [38,39,40]. Evidence suggests that weight gain can be predicted by the proteins in plasma that are sensitive to inflammation [41]. Serine phosphorylation is another conceivable mechanism that assumes a function in inflammation. Inflammation causes phosphorylation of both insulin receptor and its proteins substrate, including the enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3 K) bind together, then the inflammatory pathway, mainly I kappa B kinase (IKKb) and Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) pathway will be activated, finally inhibits insulin-mediated PI3K signaling [42]. IKKb/NF-kB activation also blocked cytokine signaling-3, a protein that blocks cell signals from insulin [43, 44]. Ultimately, these processes trigger suppression of appetite [45].

This study was indicated that participants with higher DII had a greater level of MCP-1. In a study conducted in Belgium was seen that DII and inflammatory markers IL-6 have been associated. Although there were no significant associations between CRP and fibrinogen [46]. Moreover, Shivappa et al. showed that pro-inflammatory diets were related to increased levels of various inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1, 2, IFN-γ, and vascular cell adhesion molecules [47]. The research was conducted in Spain demonstrated that an anti-inflammatory diet, such as a Mediterranean diet, was associated with a significant reduction of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 [48]. Therefore, one possible mechanism seems to suggest that anti-inflammatory diets can modify inflammatory responses, is due to their antioxidants, fiber content, and other anti-inflammatory substances [19, 48].

To the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study conducted which examines the association between dietary inflammatory potential, body composition, and MCP-1 levels.

Conclusion

The present results provide evidence supporting the proposition that a higher DII score (pro-inflammatory diet) is directly associated with lower fat-free mass, higher fat mass, and higher levels of inflammatory markers like MCP-1. These results suggest the importance of promoting dietary patterns with low inflammatory potential to reduce low-grade inflammation and improve obesity- parameters among the overweight and obese population.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. First, include the reliability and validity of the estimation of average food intakes, which were based on the relatively limited number of food items (147 items, which is moderately long for an FFQ). Second, the DII was calculated using the data on just 29 food parameters derived from the FFQ. Third, causality cannot be inferred, because of the cross-sectional design of the study. Fourth, it is not possible to generalize about dietary patterns throughout the country, because dietary intakes and other lifestyle measurements in Tehran are somewhat different from those in other parts of the country. Moreover, these dietary patterns were confined to women.

Availability of data and materials

Participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly, so supporting data is not available.

Abbreviations

AHEI:

Alternate Healthy Eating Index

BMI:

Body mass index

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

CCR2:

Chemokine receptor-2

CRP:

C-reactive protein

DII:

Dietary inflammatory index

DQI:

Diet Quality Index

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FFQ:

Food frequency questionnaire

FM:

Fat mass

FFM:

Fat-free mass

HTN:

Hypertension

Hs-CRP:

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

HDI:

Healthy Diet Indicator

IPAQ:

International Physical Activity Questionnaires

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IL-2:

Interleukin-2

IL-4:

Interleukin-4

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IL-8:

Interleukin-8

IL-10:

Interleukin-10

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

IKKb:

I kappa B kinase

MCP-1:

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acids

METs:

Metabolic Equivalent Tasks

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

PI3 K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase

SFA:

Saturated fatty acids

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factorα

TC:

Total cholesterol

TG:

Triglycerides

WHO:

World Health Organization

WHR:

Waist to hip ratio

WAT:

White adipose tissue

References

  1. Gallus S, Lugo A, Murisic B, Bosetti C, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Overweight and obesity in 16 European countries. Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(5):679–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9· 1 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377(9765):557–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corvalán C, Uauy R, Herring S, et al. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(12):1025–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Esser N, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J, Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;105(2):141–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ahluwalia N, Dalmasso P, Rasmussen M, Lipsky L, Currie C, Haug E, et al. Trends in overweight prevalence among 11-, 13-and 15-year-olds in 25 countries in Europe, Canada and USA from 2002 to 2010. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(suppl 2):28–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Busetto L, Maggi S. Incidence and prevalence of obesity. Minimally Invasive Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Springer; 2015. p. 11–5.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fierabracci P, Tamberi A, Santini F. Obesity-related comorbidities. Minimally Invasive Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Springer; 2015. p. 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Williams EP, Mesidor M, Winters K, Dubbert PM, Wyatt SB. Overweight and obesity: prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Current obesity reports. 2015;4(3):363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Brouns F, Buetler T, Clement K, Cunningham K, et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(S3):S1–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sun S, Ji Y, Kersten S, Qi L. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses in obese adipose tissue. Annu Rev Nutr. 2012;32:261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Rodríguez-Hernández H, Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Ramírez G, Reyes-Romero MA. Obesity and inflammation: epidemiology, risk factors, and markers of inflammation. Int J Endocrinol. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/678159.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Fock KM, Khoo J. Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(S4):59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen A, Mumick S, Zhang C, Lamb J, Dai H, Weingarth D, et al. Diet induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its impact on obesity. Obesity. 2005;13(8):1311–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bastarrachea RA, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Bolado-Garcia VE, Tellez-Mendoza J, Laviada-Molina H, Comuzzie AG. Macrophages, inflammation, adipose tissue, obesity and insulin resistance. Gac Med Mex. 2007;143(6):505–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dawson J, Miltz W, Mir AK, Wiessner C. Targeting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 signalling in disease. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets. 2003;7(1):35–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Niu J, Kolattukudy PE. Role of MCP-1 in cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Sci. 2009;117(3):95–109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Panee J. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) in obesity and diabetes. Cytokine. 2012;60(1):1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Camargo A, Delgado-Lista J, Garcia-Rios A, Cruz-Teno C, Yubero-Serrano EM, Perez-Martinez P, et al. Expression of proinflammatory, proatherogenic genes is reduced by the Mediterranean diet in elderly people. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(3):500–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Medina-Remón A, Casas R, Tressserra-Rimbau A, Ros E, Martínez-González MA, Fitó M, et al. Polyphenol intake from a Mediterranean diet decreases inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis: a substudy of the PREDIMED trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(1):114–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ricordi C, Garcia-Contreras M, Farnetti S. Diet and inflammation: possible effects on immunity, chronic diseases, and life span. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(sup1):10–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):791–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary diversity score is related to obesity and abdominal adiposity among Iranian female youth. Public health nutrition. 2011;14(1):62–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ruiz-Canela M, Zazpe I, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Sanchez-Tainta A, Corella D, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea) trial. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(6):984–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L, Keshteli AH, Feizi A, Feinle-Bisset C, et al. Nutrient patterns and their relation to general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults: findings from the SEPAHAN study. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(2):505–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, Hedayati M, Azizi F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public health nutrition. 2010;13(5):654–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar-Rad A, Kianfar H. The manual for household measures, cooking yields factors and edible portion of foods. Tehran Nashre Olume Keshavarzy. 1999;7:213.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Hébert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public health nutrition. 2014;17(8):1689–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjorstrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Correa-Rodríguez M, Rueda-Medina B, González-Jiménez E, Correa-Bautista JE, Ramírez-Vélez R, Schmidt-RioValle J. Dietary inflammatory index, bone health and body composition in a population of young adults: a cross-sectional study. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2018.1446915.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ruiz-Canela M, Zazpe I, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Sánchez-Tainta A, Corella D, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea) trial. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(6):984–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Muhammad HFL, van Baak MA, Mariman EC, Sulistyoningrum DC, Huriyati E, Lee YY, et al. Dietary inflammatory index score and its association with body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and leptin in Indonesian adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Brinkley TE, Hsu F-C, Beavers KM, Church TS, Goodpaster BH, Stafford RS, et al. Total and abdominal adiposity are associated with inflammation in older adults using a factor analysis approach. J Gerontol Series A. 2012;67(10):1099–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Baumgartner RN, Atkinson HH, Penninx BW, Lenchik L, et al. Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation—results from the trial of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and novel cardiovascular risk factors study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2):428–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Londhe P, Guttridge DC. Inflammation induced loss of skeletal muscle. Bone. 2015;80:131–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Kelaiditi E. Diet, inflammation and skeletal muscle mass in women. Norwich: University of East Anglia; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jin C, Flavell RA. Innate sensors of pathogen and stress: linking inflammation to obesity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(2):287–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Salas-Salvado J, Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Figueredo R, Del Castillo D, Bonada A, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue cytokine production is not responsible for the restoration of systemic inflammation markers during weight loss. Int J Obes. 2006;30(12):1714–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen Y-Y, Keilbaugh SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334(6052):105–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Martínez JA, Etxeberría U, Galar A, Milagro FI. Role of dietary polyphenols and inflammatory processes on disease progression mediated by the gut microbiota. Rejuvenation Rese. 2013;16(5):435–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. Gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Toxicol Pathol. 2014;42(1):49–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Engström G, Hedblad B, Stavenow L, Lind P, Janzon L, Lindgärde F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain. Diabetes. 2003;52(8):2097–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kievit P, Howard JK, Badman MK, Balthasar N, Coppari R, Mori H, et al. Enhanced leptin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in POMC-expressing cells. Cell Metab. 2006;4(2):123–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. McCormick SM, Gowda N, Fang JX, Heller NM. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 regulates interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 tyrosine phosphorylation in monocytes and macrophages via the proteasome. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(39):20574–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ueki K, Kondo T, Kahn CR. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25(19):8762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Mars M, de Graaf C, van Rossum C, de Groot C, Seidell J, Kok F, editors. Leptin and appetite responses induced by a four-day energy restriction; preliminary results. Food Choice Wageningen; 2002. p. 247–247.

  46. Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Langlois M, Debruyne E, et al. Associations between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the Asklepios Study. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(4):665–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Marcos A, Diaz LE, Gomez S, Nova E, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(6):1600707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Casas R, Urpi-Sardà M, Sacanella E, Arranz S, Corella D, Castañer O, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of the Mediterranean diet in the early and late stages of atheroma plaque development. Mediators inflamma. 2017;2017:3674390.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all of the participants for their contribution to this research. This study was supported by grants from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

This study is funded by grants from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), (Grant ID: 95-03-161-33142).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran

    Nasim Ghodoosi, Atieh Mirzababaei, Elahe Rashidbeygi, Negin Badrooj, Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi, Leila Setayesh, Farideh Shiraseb & Khadijeh Mirzaei

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

    Mir Saeed Yekaninejad

  3. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Ali Keshavarz

Authors
  1. Nasim Ghodoosi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Atieh Mirzababaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elahe Rashidbeygi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Negin Badrooj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Leila Setayesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Seyed Ali Keshavarz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Farideh Shiraseb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Khadijeh Mirzaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

NG and ER designed the study and collected the samples, SFS and LS entering FFQ data into NUTRITIONIST IV software, AM and NB wrote the paper, MSY performed the statistical analyses, FSH revised the article, SAK contributed to interpretation of the data and revised the article, KhM had full access to all of the data in the study and took responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khadijeh Mirzaei.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethics approval for the study protocol was confirmed by The Human Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Number IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1395.1597). All participants signed a written informed consent that was approved by the Ethics committee.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

All authors declared that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghodoosi, N., Mirzababaei, A., Rashidbeygi, E. et al. Associations of dietary inflammatory index, serum levels of MCP-1 and body composition in Iranian overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 13, 544 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05390-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05390-x

Keywords

BMC Research Notes

ISSN: 1756-0500

Contact us