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  1. Escherichia coli, the main bacteria found in recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), is now frequently resistant to several currently used antibiotic treatments making new solutions essential. In this study, we...

    Authors: Jean-Philippe Lavigne, Xavier Vitrac, Louis Bernard, Franck Bruyère and Albert Sotto
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:522
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. The genetic code consists of non-random usage of synonymous codons for the same amino acids, termed codon bias or codon usage. Codon juxtaposition is also non-random, referred to as codon context bias or codon...

    Authors: Immanuel Leifer, Dirk Hoeper, Sandra Blome, Martin Beer and Nicolas Ruggli
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:521
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Anxiety and depression have been identified as a common psychological distress faced by the majority of cancer patients. With the increasing number of cancer cases, increasing demands will be placed on health ...

    Authors: Rama K Rajandram, Samuel MY Ho, Nabil Samman, Natalie Chan, Colman McGrath and Roger A Zwahlen
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:519
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Gene expression studies are a prerequisite for understanding the biological function of genes. Because of its high sensitivity and easy use, quantitative PCR (qPCR) has become the gold standard for gene expres...

    Authors: Maik Klie and Thomas Debener
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:518
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules that play an important role in many physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to modulating normal cellular functio...

    Authors: Eugene D Ponomarev, Tatiana Veremeyko and Natasha S Barteneva
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:517
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  7. The endangered snow leopard is found throughout major mountain ranges of Central Asia, including the remote Himalayas. However, because of their elusive behavior, sparse distribution, and poor access to their ...

    Authors: Dibesh B Karmacharya, Kamal Thapa, Rinjan Shrestha, Maheshwar Dhakal and Jan E Janecka
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:516
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a metabolic disorder largely seen in urbanized populations. The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence and risk factors for NAFLD in a rural, ...

    Authors: M Janani Pinidiyapathirage, Anuradha S Dassanayake, Shaman Rajindrajith, Udaya Kalubowila, Norihiro Kato, A Rajitha Wickremasinghe and H Janaka de Silva
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:513
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Although physical activity recommendations for public health have focused on locomotive activity such as walking and running, it is uncertain how much these activities contribute to overall physical activity l...

    Authors: Kazunori Ohkawara, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Jong Hoon Park, Izumi Tabata and Shigeho Tanaka
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:512
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Co-administration of anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapy is often inevitable in high-burden countries where tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS. Concurrent...

    Authors: Hadija H Semvua and Gibson S Kibiki
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:511
    Content type: Hypothesis Published on:

  13. The response of the NarQP two-component signal transduction system regulon in response to the presence of nitrate for the bovine pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica A1 was investigated by proteomic analysis. Total pr...

    Authors: Ichiro Inamoto and Reggie Lo
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:510
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Qualitative studies are particularly valued for their exploratory nature but, like other research methods, they do require careful planning to ensure rigorous study design. Our objective was to undertake a pil...

    Authors: Renée Otmar, Mark A Kotowicz, Geoffrey C Nicholson and Julie A Pasco
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:508
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Obesity is an important public health problem in Australia, and monitoring the nutritional intake of the population is an important endeavour. One way to assess food habits is via Food Frequency Questionnaires...

    Authors: Alison M Daly, Jacqueline E Parsons, Nerissa A Wood, Tiffany K Gill and Anne W Taylor
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:507
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  17. Malaria remains a major public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical regions because of the emergence and widespread of antimalarial drug resistance. Traditional medicine represents one potent...

    Authors: Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki, Sandrine Lydie Oyegue Liabagui, Jean Bernard Bongui, Rafika Zatra, Jacques Lebibi and Fousseyni S Toure-Ndouo
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:506
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  18. The first case of HIV in Ethiopia was reported in 1984. Since then, HIV/AIDS has become a major public health concern in the country, leading the Government of Ethiopia to declare a public health emergency in ...

    Authors: Yitayal Shiferaw, Agersew Alemu, Amanuel Girma, Afera Getahun, Andarge Kassa, Alemayehu Gashaw, Abebe Alemu, Takele Teklu and Baye Gelaw
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:505
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), affecting more than two billion people around the globe and is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing...

    Authors: Vinita Periwal, Jinuraj K Rajappan, Abdul UC Jaleel and Vinod Scaria
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:504
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Low environmental air quality is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity and this question is now emerging as a main concern of governmental authorities. Airborne pollution results from the combination ...

    Authors: Cécile Duclairoir Poc, Anne Groboillot, Olivier Lesouhaitier, Jean-Paul Morin, Nicole Orange and Marc JG Feuilloley
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:503
    Content type: Technical Note Published on:

  21. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) from mustard is cytotoxic; however the mechanism of its toxicity is unknown. We examined the effects of AITC on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. We als...

    Authors: AkalRachna K Saini, Robert T Tyler, Youn Young Shim and Martin JT Reaney
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:502
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  22. Transmission of the prion disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) occurred accidentally to cattle and several other mammalian species via feed supplemented with meat and bone meal contaminated with infe...

    Authors: Jo Moore, Stephen AC Hawkins, Anthony R Austin, Timm Konold, Robert B Green, Ian W Blamire, Ian Dexter, Michael J Stack, Melanie J Chaplin, Jan PM Langeveld, Marion M Simmons, Yvonne I Spencer, Paul R Webb, Michael Dawson and Gerald AH Wells
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:501
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as a group of breast carcinomas that are negative for expression of hormone receptors (ER, PR) and Her2, we can distinguish between two groups: basal-like (ER-, ...

    Authors: Yousra Akasbi, Sanae Bennis, Fouad Abbass, Kawtar Znati, Khalid Amrani Joutei, Afaf Amarti and Omar EL Mesbahi
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:500
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Studies of nuclear function in many organisms, especially those with tough cell walls, are limited by lack of availability of simple, economical methods for large-scale preparation of clean, undamaged nuclei.

    Authors: Robert M Givens, Larry D Mesner, Joyce L Hamlin, Michael J Buck and Joel A Huberman
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:499
    Content type: Technical Note Published on:

  26. Although histopathological grading systems for disc degeneration are frequently used in research, they are not yet integrated into daily care routine pathology of surgical samples. Therefore, data on histopath...

    Authors: Christoph Weiler, Mercedes Lopez-Ramos, H Michael Mayer, Andreas Korge, Christoph J Siepe, Karin Wuertz, Veronique Weiler, Norbert Boos and Andreas G Nerlich
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:497
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. In recent years waterpipe smoking has become a popular practice amongst young adults in eastern Mediterranean countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to assess waterpipe smoking perceptions and pr...

    Authors: Nasim Ghafouri, Jan D Hirsch, Gholamreza Heydari, Candis M Morello, Grace M Kuo and Renu F Singh
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:496
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Up-regulation of S100A7 (Psoriasin), a small calcium-binding protein, is associated with the development of several types of carcinomas, but its function and possibility to serve as a diagnostic or prognostic ...

    Authors: Manuela R Barbieri, Camillo DC Andrade, Wilson A Silva Jr, Adriana A Marques, Andréia M Leopoldino, Marlise BA Montes, Marcelo Dias-Baruffi, Iberê C Soares, Alda Wakamatsu, Venâncio AF Alves, Hélen J Laure, Marco A Zago and Lewis J Greene
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:494
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) directly limit the effective ingress of fungal pathogens by inhibiting cell wall-degrading endopolygalacturonases (ePGs). Transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing...

    Authors: Erik Alexandersson, John VW Becker, Dan Jacobson, Eric Nguema-Ona, Cobus Steyn, Katherine J Denby and Melané A Vivier
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:493
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Self medication with antibiotics has become an important factor driving antibiotic resistance. This study investigated the period prevalence, patterns of use, and socio-demographic factors associated with self...

    Authors: Aris Widayati, Sri Suryawati, Charlotte de Crespigny and Janet E Hiller
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:491
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscle dystrophy in adults. The disease is caused by a triplet expansion in the 3'end of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. In order to develop a...

    Authors: Jan Larsen, Olof J Pettersson, Maria Jakobsen, Rune Thomsen, Christina B Pedersen, Jens M Hertz, Niels Gregersen, Thomas J Corydon and Thomas G Jensen
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:490
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  34. The def mutant pea (Pisum sativum L) showed non-abscission of seeds from the funicule. Here we present data on seed development and growth pattern and their relationship in predicting this particular trait in wil...

    Authors: Kwadwo Owusu Ayeh, YeonKyeong Lee, Mike J Ambrose and Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:489
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Bergström needle biopsy is widely used to sample skeletal muscle in order to study cell signaling directly in human tissue. Consequences of the biopsy protocol design on muscle protein quantity and quality rem...

    Authors: Marc-André Caron, Steve J Charette, François Maltais and Richard Debigaré
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:488
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Toxicity is a complex phenomenon involving the potential adverse effect on a range of biological functions. Predicting toxicity involves using a combination of experimental data (endpoints) and computational m...

    Authors: Egon L Willighagen, Nina Jeliazkova, Barry Hardy, Roland C Grafström and Ola Spjuth
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:487
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  37. In the cancer of the esophagus, with recent technologic advances, self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are at the forefront of the armamentarium for re-establishing luminal patency. Weighed against the numerous ...

    Authors: Valter N Felix, Alaor Caetano, Jose P Cipullo, Emiliano C Almodova, Wagner Colaiacovo and Aldenir F Zamboti
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:486
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Burn injuries constitute a major public health problem and are the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is paucity of published data on childhood burn injuries in Tanzania, parti...

    Authors: Phillipo L Chalya, Joseph B Mabula, Ramesh M Dass, Geofrey Giiti, Alphonce B Chandika, Emmanuel S Kanumba and Japhet M Gilyoma
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:485
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Teso sub-region of Eastern Uganda had superior indices of childhood survival during the period 1959 to 1969 compared to the national average. We analysed the reasons that could explain this situation with a vi...

    Authors: Fred Nuwaha, Juliet Babirye, Olico Okui and Natal Ayiga
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:484
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The structure of health care in Greece is receiving increased attention to improve its cost-effectiveness. We sought to examine the epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting to the vascular emerge...

    Authors: Ioannis Kotsikoris, Theofanis T Papas, Nikolaos Papanas, Dimitrios Maras, Paraskevi Tsiantula, Polyvios Pavlidis, Maria Andrikopoulou, Stamatia Kotsiou, Efstratios Maltezos and Nikolaos Bessias
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:481
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. General Internal Medicine (GIM) has recently been approved as a subspecialty by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. As such, there is a need to define areas of knowledge that a General Inte...

    Authors: Sharon E Card, Anne M PausJenssen and Rachel C Ottenbreit
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:480
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Ertapenem is a once-daily broad spectrum carbapenem that is increasingly used to treat polymicrobial osteomyelitis due to diabetic foot and traumatic wound infections. However, limited data exists on ertapenem...

    Authors: Neela D Goswami, Melissa D Johnson and Vivian H Chu
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:478
    Content type: Short Report Published on:

  46. Senescence is an important developmental process that leads to the cell death through highly regulated genetically controlled processes in plants. Biotic and abiotic Oxidative stresses can also artificially in...

    Authors: Hatami Gigloo Sedigheh, Mahdi Mortazavian, Dariush Norouzian, Mohammad Atyabi, Azim Akbarzadeh, Keyvan Hasanpoor and Masoud Ghorbani
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:477
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Missense mutations in three different genes encoding amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 are recognized to cause familial early-onset Alzheimer disease. Also duplications of the amyloid ...

    Authors: Håkan Thonberg, Marie Fallström, Jenny Björkström, Jacqueline Schoumans, Inger Nennesmo and Caroline Graff
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:476
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is complicated by the increased presence of sputum smear negative tuberculosis. Diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary...

    Authors: Hedwiga F Swai, Ferdinand M Mugusi and Jessie K Mbwambo
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:475
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) is derived from immune leukocytes obtained from bovine spleen. DLE has demonstrated to reduce transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and inactiv...

    Authors: Humberto H Lara, Liliana Ixtepan-Turrent, Elsa N Garza-Treviño, Jose I Badillo-Almaraz and Cristina Rodriguez-Padilla
    Citation: BMC Research Notes 2011 4:474
    Content type: Research article Published on:
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